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Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Volume 47, Issue 3, June 2018 1. Title: A Field Too Crowded? How Measures of Market Structure Shape Nonprofit Fiscal Health Authors: Laurie E. Paarlberg; Seung-Ho An; Rebecca Nesbit; Robert K. Christensen; Justin Bullock. Abstract: This article explores how various dimensions of market structure, often used to measure organizational crowding, affect the fiscal health of nonprofit organizations. Using 2011 National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) nonprofit sector data, our findings generally support population ecology’s model of a curvilinear relationship between density and days of spending. However, we also find that single dimensions of market structure do not fully capture the effects of market competition. Increasing density has a negative effect on the fiscal health of organizations in markets in which resources are more evenly distributed among actors, whereas increasing density of organizations has a positive effect on organizational fiscal health in markets in which resources are less evenly distributed among actors. These results are sensitive to different specifications of fiscal health and field of nonprofit activity. 2. Title: Emerging Structures for Social Enterprises Within Nonprofits: An Institutional Logics Perspective Authors: Tricia Fitzgerald; Deborah Shepherd. Abstract: The development of social enterprise initiatives within nonprofit organizations is a complex activity and the disruptive challenges of accommodating commercial processes within social organizations are often underestimated. This article is based on research that tracks four nonprofit organizations as they endeavor to develop their first social enterprise activities. Using a lens of institutional logics with the emerging empirical findings, six discernible differences are identified between nonprofits and for-profits which usefully inform our understanding of the challenges of accommodating both commercial and social logics. Building upon existing theory, this article offers a typology of structural options for a social enterprise that nonprofits might consider, with illustrative examples from the research findings. 3. Title: Social Investing: What Matters From the Perspective of Social Enterprises? Authors: Judith Mayer; Barbara Scheck. Abstract: Due to a massive increase in available social venture capital (SVC), social entrepreneurs often get to choose among various financing options. As financial parameters can easily be adapted or replicated, this article analyzes how social entrepreneurs evaluate the central nonfinancial features of these funders. Based on an experiment with 44 social entrepreneurs, we assess their perception of the five most relevant criteria for evaluating investor attractiveness: business advisory, network access, information rights, control rights, and reputation of the investor. Our analysis of 1,056 hypothetical decisions reveals that the investor’s reputation is the single most important criterion and that the positive effect of support provided through business advisory and network access strongly outweighs the negative effect of oversight via information rights and control rights. These findings indicate that social entrepreneurs perceive the behavior of SVC investors as steward like rather than principal like. 4. Title: To Found or to Fund? Comparing the Performance of Corporate and Noncorporate Foundations Authors: Marta Rey-Garcia; María José Sanzo-Perez; Luis Ignacio Álvarez-González. Abstract: The implications of the organizational alternatives of corporate philanthropy are yet to be properly understood. This is particularly the case when contributions are channeled through corporate foundations, instead of going directly to nonprofit organizations independent from the firm. Data on the resources, undertakings, and effects of corporate foundations are scarce; conceptualization is poor; and their rationale has been mainly explored from the perspective of the potential benefits for the company. This study aims at contributing to conceptual debate and empirical research on corporate foundations from the perspective of how well they perform as nonprofits. The performance of corporate and noncorporate foundations is compared across three different productivity indicators, based on a survey to a representative sample of 325 foundations. Results of linear regression models suggest that, all else equal, corporate foundations have a greater capability to make resources available for charitable purposes with lower levels of human and financial inputs. 5. Title: Hospital Ownership Type and Innovation: The Case of Electronic Medical Records Adoption Authors: Seth Freedman; Haizhen Lin. Abstract: Nonprofit and for-profit firms coexist in many industries, with the hospital sector being one of the most predominant examples. This article explores whether nonprofit hospitals are more likely to make expensive investments with uncertain returns and potential public good value. Specifically, we estimate differences in the adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) by ownership structure. We find that nonprofit hospitals are 11 to 18 percentage points more likely to have installed advanced EMR systems than for-profit hospitals by 2012. Although we find little difference in the likelihood of meeting initial government requirements for the “meaningful use” of EMRs, we find that nonprofits are 12 percentage points more likely to reach more stringent meaningful use standards that began in 2014. That being said, nonprofit adoption rates decrease as for-profit market penetration rates increase, suggesting nonprofits are less likely to adopt an uncertain technology when facing more direct competition from for-profit hospitals. 6. Title: An Experimental Study of Voluntary Nonprofit Accountability and Effects on Public Trust, Reputation, Perceived Quality, and Donation Behavior Authors: Annika Becker. Abstract: Voluntary accountability carried out by nonprofit organizations seeks to ensure organizational adherence to financial and ethical standards beyond legal regulations, thereby sending signals of quality and trustworthiness. Yet, insights into whether and how different forms of voluntary nonprofit accountability influence the public’s attitude are limited, and recent calls emphasize the need for further empirical investigation. Building on the combination of three different research streams, this article presents a conceptual framework that distinguishes between four forms of (voluntary) nonprofit accountability within the theoretical context of the principal-agent theory. In an online experiment with 407 participants, the author demonstrates that externally certified voluntary accountability demonstrates higher reputation and perceived quality among nonprofit organizations, but not relating to donation behavior (relative to the other accountability conditions). Internal voluntary accountability has no effect, whereas no accountability is associated with less public trust, reputation, perceived quality, and donation behavior (compared with legal minimum accountability). 7. Title: The Effects of Social Information on Volunteering: A Field Experiment Authors: Alice Moseley; Oliver James; Peter John; Liz Richardson; Matt Ryan; Gerry Stoker. Abstract: Research indicates that providing social information about other people’s charitable donations can increase individual contributions. However, the effects of social Research indicates that providing social information about other people’s charitable donations can increase individual contributions. However, the effects of social information on volunteering time are underexplored. In this field experiment, we measure the effects of different levels of feedback about other people’s time contributions (very high, high, and moderate) on individuals’ hours of volunteering. The experiment was conducted with students from English universities volunteering for a variety of organizations and with a group of predominantly older people volunteering for a national charity in England. Social information did not increase volunteering for either group relative to a control group receiving individualized feedback with no social comparison. For students whose baseline volunteering time was lower than the median, social information had a demotivating effect, reducing their volunteering, suggesting that donating time is different to donating money. 8. Title: Finnish Firefighters’ Barriers to Volunteering Authors: Sanna Malinen; Teija Mankkinen. Abstract: Although the need for emergency service volunteers is increasing internationally, it is challenging to attract and retain firefighters, who are highly trained and from whom sustained and potentially heavy time investment is required. To recruit and retain fire service volunteers, it is important to understand the barriers these volunteers face, and how these barriers relate to their attitudes and behavioral intentions. We surveyed 762 volunteer firefighters throughout Finland on these issues. Lack of time, conflict with work/school, and other work-related challenges were the most frequently reported barriers, and they were also rated as some of the most severe barriers. The number and severity of barriers were positively related to the volunteers’ absence and turnover intentions, and conflicts with family commitments. A higher number of reported barriers was also negatively related to volunteer satisfaction. No differences in barriers were found between rural and urban areas, or between gender and age groups. We discuss the findings in regard to relevant literature from other countries and conclude with practical implications. 9. Title: Modeling the Effect of Multidimensional Trust on Individual Monetary Donations to Charitable Organizations Authors: Ibrahim S. Alhidari; Tania M. Veludo-de-Oliveira; Shumaila Y. Yousafzai; Mirella Yani-de-Soriano. Abstract: This study develops and validates a model that evaluates the effect of trust on individual monetary donations to charitable organizations (COs). Data were collected in Saudi Arabia using a two-stage approach and were analyzed via structural equation modeling. Data on psychosocial variables were collected in the first stage, and data on behavior were collected in the second stage, 4 weeks later. The findings confirm the study’s novel multidimensional perspective of trust in the context of individual monetary donations to COs in Saudi Arabia. The results validate the view that trust is present only when the individuals concerned are disposed to trust others and when they believe that the COs can conduct their charitable mission, are honest in the use of their donations, and prioritize beneficiaries’ rights. Individuals’ trust in COs affects both the intention to donate and future monetary donation behavior. 10. Title: The Effects of Capital Campaigns on Local Nonprofit Ecologies Authors: Joanna Woronkowicz. Abstract: When charities launch capital campaigns, they hope to attract large amounts of resources in a relatively short period of time; however, other charities in the area are likely to see such campaigns as disruptive to the natural distribution of resources to area nonprofits by disproportionately directing area donations to a single organization. This study seeks to understand the effects capital campaigns have on both the fundraising performance of other nonprofits and the makeup of a local nonprofit ecology. The analysis uses data from a randomly sampled set of nonprofit arts organizations that had capital campaigns for facilities projects between 1994 and 2007 and Internal Revenue Service Form 990 data on 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organizations in each county. The results illustrate that a capital campaign positively affects the fundraising performance of other charities in a local nonprofit ecology, but that campaigns decrease the size of a local nonprofit ecology. 11. Title: How Married Couples Make Charitable Giving Decisions Authors: Christopher J. Einolf; Hillary Darville Curran; Katie C. Brown. Abstract: This research note reports the results of interviews with 29 married couples about how they make charitable giving decisions. Most couples in the sample made decisions about donating small amounts separately and large amounts jointly. Most couples engaged in cooperative, not competitive, bargaining, as they tended to support the same charities and rarely disagreed about giving decisions. When couples did disagree, it was usually about the amount given, not the target, for large donations, and the target, not the amount given, for small ones. Sometimes one partner would act as the “gas pedal” and tend to want to donate money, while their spouse would act as the “brakes” and argue in favor of making a smaller donation or no donation. Cooperative bargaining also marked the process of increasing a donation, as one spouse would make a small initial decision and would later consult with the other about increasing the amount.     ()02:;=ADEFGHJS¦§¯íÜʹʹʹª™ˆtl_QC6Qh
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