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Urban Studies Volume 53, Issue 2, February 2016 1. Title: Adaptive Behaviour in Urban Space: Residential Mobility in Response to Social Distance Authors: Sako Musterd, Wouter PC van Gent, Marjolijn Das, and Jan Latten Abstract: The social relationship between an individual and their residential environment is shaped by a range of housing market rules and regulations, by residential choice and by constraints. This paper elaborates on that relationship by focusing on the distance between an individual’s (and his/her household) social position and the social position of the neighbourhood of residence. Through the analysis of large-scale longitudinal register data for each resident in the four largest cities of the Netherlands, we studied the relations mentioned, as well as the residential moves triggered by such relations, as well as the outcome effects on individual-neighbourhood relations in the destination neighbourhoods. We found that the larger the social distance (positive or negative) between an individual and the median social position of their residential neighbourhood, the higher the odds that the individual would move from that neighbourhood. Those individuals that moved tended to select destination neighbourhoods that reduced their social distance. Our findings offer new input for debates and policies relating to de-segregation and social mixing. 2. Title: Urban Sprawl as a Risk Factor in Motor Vehicle Crashes Authors: Reid Ewing, Shima Hamidi, and James B Grace Abstract: A decade ago, compactness/sprawl indices were developed for metropolitan areas and counties which have been widely used in health and other research. In this study, we first update the original county index to 2010, then develop a refined index that accounts for more relevant factors, and finally seek to test the relationship between sprawl and traffic crash rates using structural equation modelling. Controlling for covariates, we find that sprawl is associated with significantly higher direct and indirect effects on fatal crash rates. The direct effect is likely due to the higher traffic speeds in sprawling areas, and the indirect effect is due to greater vehicle miles driven in such areas. Conversely, sprawl has negative direct relationships with total crashes and non-fatal injury crashes, and these offset (and sometimes overwhelm) the positive indirect effects of sprawl on both types of crashes through the mediating effect of increased vehicle miles driven. The most likely explanation is the greater prevalence of fender benders and other minor accidents in the low speed, high conflict traffic environments of compact areas, negating the lower vehicle miles travelled per capita in such areas. 3. Title: Discrimination Based on Place of Residence and Access to Employment Authors: Mathieu Bunel, Yannick L’Horty, and Pascale Petit Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of employment discrimination against young people according to their place of residence. We considered several spatial scales in order to measure the effect of the reputation of the administrative department or county, the town or municipality and of the local neighbourhood. The evaluation is performed using correspondence test data carried out between October 2011 and February 2012. We studied 2988 candidacies that were submitted to 498 job offers (waiters and cooks) within the restaurant industry and located in the Paris area. Statistical and econometric results pointed out that resident effect is significant and important in magnitude: a good address can triple the chances of being invited to a job interview. 4. Title: Reading for Difference on the Street: De-homogenising Street Vending in Mexico City Authors: Veronica Crossa Abstract: In cities across the Global South, neoliberal urban policies have unfolded through a series of projects that take the streets, plazas and other public spaces of the city as central arenas to booster the neoliberal project. This has entailed the removal and displacement of groups who depend on these spaces for their daily survival, for example street vendors and other participants of the so-called informal economy. This paper draws from and seeks to contribute to work on the urban politics of informality in the Global South. My objective is to broaden our understanding of informality and resistance in cities by recognising difference and de-homogenising so-called informal activities, particularly street vending and vendors. To make this argument, I draw from the experience of resistance movements against displacement carried out by street vendors in Mexico City as a result of the implementation of a series of exclusionary policies implemented by city authorities. I demonstrate that thinking about difference matters to the way in which vendors carried out their resistance strategies and to how the post-policy context materialised. 5. Title: Interior Immigration Enforcement: The Impacts of Expanding Local Law Enforcement Authority Authors: Mai Thi Nguyen and Hannah Gill Abstract: A growing emphasis on interior immigration enforcement in the US has broadened the legal authority of state and local law enforcers to investigate and enforce immigration violations, thereby expanding the federal government’s interior enforcement capabilities. This study investigates how local immigration enforcement programs, such as 287g, alter the operational priorities of local law enforcers and impact communities in two jurisdictions in North Carolina. Our findings show that despite different jurisdictional implementation styles and contexts, the 287g Program led to increasing fear and distrust of law enforcement among immigrants and affected police–community relationships in ways that compromise public safety and security. The unintended negative community consequences found in our study suggest that the federal government should be more cautious about authorising state and local jurisdictions to carry out immigration enforcement. 6. Title: Bringing the Countryside to the City: Practices and Imaginations of the Rural in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Authors: Jamie Gillen Abstract: By zeroing in on the spatial tensions of the urban experience, this paper examines the countryside’s role as a set of everyday practices and imaginative discourses in the growth and transformation of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The argument centres on how urban residents draw on material practices and symbolic discourses of the ‘rural’ to imbue the city with meaning. In doing so, this paper adds another dimension to the literature on Southeast Asian cities by illustrating how Ho Chi Minh City institutions and residents enliven the value of the countryside through urban development. Related to this, I highlight how the folding of the countryside in to the city does not deprive either rural or urban space of meaning. In sum, the findings contribute to debates surrounding the Southeast Asian region in urban theorising, the countryside’s role in linking the ‘rural’ and the ‘urban’, and the classic ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors involved in rural–urban migration by rethinking the urban/rural binary in Vietnam. 7. Title: Modelling the Dynamics of Regional Employment–population Ratios and Their Commonality Authors: Robert Dixon and Guay Lim Abstract: This paper looks at movements over time in regional employment–population ratios, an important and much neglected determinant of regional performance. We utilise data on gross flows into and out of employment and focus on information contained in the transition rates. The paper applies an unobserved components econometric model to a panel of Australian data to identify and explain the evolution of regional employment–population ratios over time. The approach identifies a common (i.e. nationwide) factor while allowing for region-specific effects, including region-specific impacts of the common factor. The contribution of the common factor to changes in regional employment–population ratios ranges between 38% and 80%. Conversely, regional elements explain between 20% and 62% of changes. The findings highlight the importance of adopting explicit regional employment policies as a complement to national policy. 8. Title: What Attracts People to Inner City Areas? The Cases of Two Post-socialist Cities in Estonia and the Czech Republic Authors: Anneli Kährik, Jana Temelová, Kati Kadarik, and Jan Kubeš Abstract: Since the 1990s the inner city residential areas of CEE post-socialist cities have experienced substantial physical and social transformation. Previous studies have recorded a gradual rehabilitation of inner city housing stock and the displacement of lower status groups by middle and higher social status residents, but they have also shown that diverse social groups continue to live in the inner city. The scholarly emphasis on identifying the macro-scale factors that influence inner city change has resulted in a lack of studies considering micro-scale processes. We therefore herein attempt to address this gap in the literature by providing qualitative insight into the drivers of inner city dynamics at the level of the individual actors concerned. Our study is based on an investigation of two second-tier cities: Tartu in Estonia and 
eské Bud
jovice in the Czech Republic. We found that, besides supply side factors which emphasise the conditions of urban spatial fabric, relocations to inner cities can best be explained by a combination of household socio-economic, life course and lifestyle factors. We also provide a typology of relocators to post-socialist inner cities, based on our findings. 9. Title: The Impacts of Urban Pricing on Social and Spatial Inequalities: The Case Study of Lyon (France) Authors: Stéphanie Souche, Aurelie Mercier, and Nicolas Ovtracht Abstract: With the aim of making a city sustainable, this paper evaluates the impact of setting up urban toll on inequalities. We use several indicators (Gini, Theil and Atkinson indices) to measure changes in the concentration of incomes and gravity-based accessibility. In the case of the Lyon Metropolitan Area (France), we simulate a cordon pricing and evaluate its impacts on inequalities. We adopt a comparison-based approach to reduce the bias resulting from the spatial division. In agreement with the literature, we show that different inequality indicators produce contrasted and sometimes contradictory results, both at the scale of zones or metropolitan level. Results from Theil and Atkinson indicators point out introducing a toll can reduce inequalities in the most peripheral zones. Although we observe an accessibility improvement, particularly for central zones, the first ring (adjacent to the toll zone) is the most adversely affected by toll. 10. Title: Is Neighbourhood Destiny? Exploring the Link between Neighbourhood Mobility and Student Outcomes Authors: Sarah A Cordes, Amy Ellen Schwartz, Leanna Stiefel, and Jeffrey Zabel Abstract: The notion that children from ‘good’ neighbourhoods are destined for success while those from ‘bad’ neighbourhoods are destined for failure has considerable popular appeal. Residential location is strongly linked to school quality, access to educated adults, exposure to violence, etc. There is, however, surprisingly little evidence on the link between the neighbourhood in which a child begins school and later schooling outcomes. Understanding early neighbourhood experiences is important for determining whether students are ‘stuck’ in neighbourhoods of disadvantage. It is also critical for determining the extent to which students who begin their schooling careers in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are destined for poor schooling outcomes, and conversely, whether changing neighbourhood context improves student performance. In this study, therefore, we document how students’ early neighbourhood and schooling experiences are related to later success in school, and explore how changing neighbourhood and school contexts explain differences in academic outcomes. Using data from New York City (NYC), we construct a panel containing all students enrolled as first graders in NYC public schools in 1996–1997, following them through academic years 2007–2008, which would be their 12th grade year if they made standard academic progress (annual one-grade promotion). Far from supporting the simplistic story of ‘dead-end’ neighbourhoods, our analyses describe a situation where students from poor neighbourhoods actually move more often than their peers in less disadvantaged neighbourhoods and are more likely to experience changes in neighbourhood and school quality, with 45.7% of neighbourhood moves from the poorest neighbourhoods being made to significantly higher quality neighbourhoods. 11. Title: The Way towards Land Consumption: Soil Sealing and Polycentric Development in Barcelona Authors: Luca Salvati and Margherita Carlucci Abstract: This paper concerns the debate on polycentric development and land consumption in growing urban regions. The aim of this study is to verify if urban morphology reflects the transition from a mono-centric and hyper-compact form centred on Barcelona (Spain) towards a polycentric agglomeration based on subcentres functionally distinct from the head city. The spatial distribution of impervious land by municipal unit has been investigated under three spatial domains (province, metropolitan region and metropolitan area of Barcelona). Soil sealing indicators have been analysed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate statistical techniques. Sealing intensity and diversification decreased with the distance from the centre of Barcelona, while per-capita sealed land was low in the central city and much higher and stable in peripheral municipalities. Our results shed light on Barcelona’s long-term expansion, providing evidence in favour of settlement scattering instead of a genuine polycentric structure. The article finally debates the use of soil sealing indicators for the assessment of polycentric or scattered urban development in the Mediterranean region. åNN/ffNÄ‹ 12. Title: Cities of North America: Contemporary Challenges in U.S. and Canadian Cities Authors: Deirdre A Oakley Abstract: The article reviews the book  Cities of North America: Contemporary Challenges in U.S. and Canadian Cities” by Lisa Benton-Short. 13. Title: Community, Culture, and Economic Development: Continuity and Change in Two Small Southern Towns Authors: Katherine Lambert-Pennington Abstract: The article reviews the book “Community, Culture, and Economic Development: Continuity and Change in Two Small Southern Towns” by Meredith Ramsay. 14. Title: Scenes from the Suburbs: The Suburb in Contemporary US Film and Television Authors: Richard Harris Abstract:   "/013<‹’“›œÛíÜʹʹʧ“‹~peWIp>Wh~ˆ5OJQJ^Jh}0»h}0»5OJQJ^Jh6DÖh6DÖ5OJQJ^Jh6DÖ5OJQJ^JhÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jh·uD5OJQJ^Jo(
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