ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ vxþÿÿÿuÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥ÁU ðR¿6Ibjbjënën2d‰éa‰éa(A ÿÿÿÿÿÿ·""ÿÿÿÿÁÁÁ8ùTMÁOliiiiiOOOOOOO$üP¶²S<�5O5Oii4JOiii>iiOiOiiiiÿÿÿÿ£N‹ŒÖÿÿÿÿÛiûN`O0OiîS÷ŽîSii¶/îSLÜi5O5O…äOÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿîS"Qs: Urban Studies Volume 57, Issue 11, Aug 2020 1. Title: Why does everyone think cities can save the planet? Authors: Angelo, Hillary; Wachsmuth, David. Abstract: This article identifies and explains an underlying transition in global urban policy and discourse from the city as a sustainability problem to the city as a sustainability solution. We argue that contemporary policy discourses of cities saving the planet should be understood in the context of three major historical developments which have their roots in the 1970s and which intensified throughout the 1990s. The first is sprawl: the urban sustainability policy agenda in the Global North has been in large part a reaction to several decades of urban expansion and car-based planning. The second is informal settlements: since the introduction of UN-HABITAT in 1978, an international policy agenda has formed around addressing the environmental deficits associated with processes of informal urbanisation above all in the Global South. And the third is climate change, as the overarching concern that connects urban-environmental problems and policies in the North and South. We then contextualise the articles in this special issue by outlining a new research agenda for decoding the notion that cities can save the planet, which emphasises the need for an historical, multi-spatial, political and representational analysis of urban sustainability thinking and policy. 2. Title: Flows in formation: The global-urban networks of climate change adaptation. Authors: Goh, Kian. Abstract: As climate change threats to urban centres become more alarming, cities are proposing ambitious plans to adapt to climate impacts. These plans are increasingly subsumed within urban development projects, and embedded in global flows of capital and networks of environmental governance and planning. And yet, scholarship on urban adaptation has tended to approach the city as an analytically bounded territory, neglecting interconnections across space and processes of globalisation, urbanisation, and geopolitics. This paper extends theories of relational geographies to explore the emerging conditions of urban adaptation in the context of climate change and globalised urban development. Focusing on the global links of Dutch water expertise, and tracing relationships within and between Rotterdam, New York, and Jakarta, it illustrates the formation of global-urban networks – the multiscalar, multilevel connections through which capital, knowledge, and influence flow. It probes the ways in which these networks emerge to mobilise ideas and influence across geographical scales and political boundaries, driven and defined by interrelated factors including economic relationships, historically defined situational relationships, and interface conditions including narratives of culture and environmental urgency. The paper introduces the concept of 'network formation' to see and understand such interconnected, relational processes. It explains the spatial and temporal interconnections within and across sites, and the relationships between urban spatial projects and broader political economies and ecologies. The paper asserts the importance of conceptualising the relationships and interfaces of increasingly mobile and interconnected urban environmental futures. 3. Title: Urban sustainability and counter-sustainability: Spatial contradictions and conflicts in policy and governance in the Freiburg and Calgary metropolitan regions. Authors: Miller, Byron; Mössner, Samuel. Abstract: Drawing on empirical research carried out in the metropolitan regions of Freiburg, Germany, and Calgary, Canada, we reposition the sustainability policies of municipalities within a wider regional and relational framework. This perspective reveals significant epistemological blind spots in the localist and non-relational ontologies that undergird much of the urban sustainability discourse. While the city of Freiburg has garnered world-wide attention for its multi-faceted initiatives and achievements in sustainable urban development, these initiatives have yet to be coherently addressed in the wider Freiburg metropolitan region, leading to a variety of policies and practices in the hinterland that run counter to Freiburg's 'green city' objectives. In a parallel fashion, the city of Calgary incorporated significant sustainability principles in its 2009 Master Development Plan and Transportation Plan –'Plan-It'– yet such principles have not been taken up on a regional scale. Despite substantial differences in size and developmental history, both cities exhibit a profound disconnection from their regional contexts with regard to sustainable development policies and politics. In both metropolitan regions, conventional growth politics are still paramount. A significant conflict emerges between 'sustainable' central cities seeking a 'sustainability fix' to their fiscal, environmental and quality of life problems, and more remote jurisdictions seeking to attract investment through low tax regimes and limited development regulation – what we label a 'counter-sustainability fix'. These contrasting and dialectically related policies have substantial consequences for the social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, calling into question policies that promote 'sustainability in one place'. 4. Title: Leveraging Bogotá: Sustainable development, global philanthropy and the rise of urban solutionism. Authors: Montero, Sergio. Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is marked by the consolidation of sustainability as a key guiding principle and an emphasis on cities as a potential solution to global development problems. However, in the absence of an agreement on how to implement sustainable development in cities, a set of urban policy solutions and 'best practices' became the vehicles through which the sustainable development agenda is spreading worldwide. This article shows that the rapid circulation of Bogotá as a model of sustainable transport since the 2000s reflects an increasing focus of the international development apparatus on urban policy solutions as an arena to achieve global development impacts, what I call the 'leveraging cities' logic in this article. This logic emerges at a particular historical conjuncture characterised by: (1) the rising power of global philanthropy to set development agendas; (2) the generalisation of solutionism as a strategy of action among development and philanthropic organisations; and (3) the increasing attention on cities as solutions for global development problems, particularly around sustainability and climate change. By connecting urban policy mobilities debates with development studies this article seeks to unpack the emergence, and the limits, of 'leveraging cities' as a proliferating global development practice. These urban policy solutions are far from being a clear framework of action. Rather, their circulation becomes a 'quick fix' to frame the problem of sustainable development given the unwillingness of development and philanthropic organisations to intervene in the structural factors and multiple scales that produce environmental degradation and climate change. 5. Title: Urbanising territory: The contradictions of eco-cityism at the industrial margins, Duwamish River, Seattle. Authors: Janos, Nik. Abstract: This paper deepens the conceptualisation of territory as a key dimension of the production of socionatures within Urban Political Ecology (UPE) in order to better understand the emerging citycentric politics and territorial projects to effect change at multiple scales. The industrial district, and Superfund site, the Duwamish River Valley in Seattle, is used as a space to examine how the production of territory plays an integral role in how people perceive cities as leading sites to address global and local socionatural problems, which will be called eco-cityism. Two vignettes are provided to illustrate these points. The first looks at the politics of Superfund cleanup, and the second looks at the attempt to build an Eco-Industrial District. The vignettes demonstrate that the contradictions of territorial politics give rise to both possibilities and limits to producing cleaner urban processes and landscapes. Additionally, they show how marginalised groups within the city engage with the politics of territory and place as they participate in the production of spatial relations. 6. Title: Renewable energy, sustainability paradox and the post-urban question. Authors: Arabindoo, Pushpa. Abstract: Amidst the hype of a 'new' energy regime in India with a singular focus on renewable energy, this paper offers a more scrupulous reading of renewables to set up a critical energy discourse. It offers a three-part analysis where it begins by questioning the entrenched idea of 'renewables as science' and its instrumental use of metrics and measurements to convey an unbelievable reach and significance. Highlighting the consistent invocation of a calculative ethos, it shows how an 'empirics of targets' relying largely on the lure and lore of a single numeric, installed capacity, is persuasively employed to gloss over the crucial distinction between the potential and reality of renewables. An associated consequence is not only its pegging to the speculative value of market-based energy production but also that it remains rooted in the assumptions of an existing system, that is, the logic of a carbon lifeworld. Renewables, as a result, display the tell-tale sign of a sustainability paradox, raising questions about their ability to master a transition to a post-fossil performativity, exasperated as they are by internal contradictions embedded within their core characteristics – efficiency/sufficiency and, more importantly, tensions between utilities and infrastructure. With loose connections to parallel initiatives such as the Smart Cities Mission, the transformative potential of renewables is undercut as it remains embedded within an abstract grid imaginary, challenging any effort to actualise it in and through the urban. 7. Title: Urban parks and urban problems: An historical perspective on green space development as a cultural fix. Authors: Loughran, Kevin. Abstract: Why does everyone think cities can save the planet? Contemporary planning interventions promise salvation via spatial fixes that might reduce carbon emissions, boost metropolitan economies, and allow urban society to thrive in spite of rising seas and climate disasters. New wetlands, floodgates, and other adaptive infrastructures allow water to coexist with urban space; new parks, such as New York's High Line and Chicago's 606, celebrate the interweaving of built and natural environments and suggest how outmoded infrastructure can be repurposed for civic benefit. While the climate dilemmas at hand are historically new, the use of landscaped environments in the service of solving social problems is not. Dating to the first generation of urban park development in the 19th century, planners have deployed green spaces as solutions to various cultural, political, and economic conundrums of the city. Offering an historical parallel and counterweight to investigations of contemporary urban–environmental dynamics, this paper investigates the period of park development that occurred in the 19th century in North America and Europe, using Chicago's Olmsted-designed South Park (the contemporary Washington and Jackson Parks) as a case study. I argue that green spaces' distinct nexus of (1) normative cultural meanings around nature, (2) power relations bound up in dominant landscape aesthetics, and (3) direct link to the economic realm via the structuring of land values have made green space development a powerful 'cultural fix': a means of using social space to mitigate perceived social crises. Understanding the historical foundations of green spaces' use as cultural fixes can inform contemporary analyses, particularly as new landscape ideologies emerge as part of broader green urbanism development and climate change adaptation strategies. 8. Title: Visualising sustainability at the Olympics. Authors: Lauermann, John. Abstract: Cities are increasingly central to sustainability discourse, as urban lifestyles and infrastructure are framed as solutions to global environmental problems such as climate change. This framing relies on geographically referenced visualisations such as architectural renderings, maps, and geospatial models, which portray environmental futures by envisioning the 'sustainable city'. By showing what sustainability might look like in a future city, these geovisualisations strategically link urban planning interventions to global environmental policy debates. This process is explored through a case study of sustainability design proposed in Olympic cities. Aspiring Olympic hosts regularly adopt sustainability narratives of global–urban sustainability. In an effort to cast their events as 'the most sustainable Games ever', city leaders experiment with urban design (e.g. temporary stadiums, zero-carbon building design, or large-scale environmental restoration projects) and link them to global environmental debates. Visual analysis techniques are used to code architectural and geospatial images in 61 Olympic planning proposals, and to evaluate the use of visualisation practices in urban politics. While these designs are quite speculative, the visual artefacts produced through the planning process can be used as political tools for catalysing investment and projecting policy leadership. 9. Title: An urban political ecology for a world of cities. Authors: Keil, Roger. Abstract: The critical considerations in this commentary have been stimulated by the articles joined together in this inspiring collection. Specifically, this commentary reflects on how one might imagine an urban political ecology for the age of planetary urbanisation. While the editors of and contributors to this special issue have done an admirable job of providing intellectual coherence to this project, there remains work to do, especially on the conceptual and theoretical front. The conveners of this symposium lay out an ambitious agenda for the papers in this issue and ultimately for the field: They ask: 'why does everyone think cities can save the planet?'. It is part real inquiry, part rhetorical question. These questions also provide the entry point into a coherent and serious theoretical project that lies at the bottom of the assembled papers here and is elegantly laid out by the special issue editors in their introduction. This commentary takes up the challenges posed by the theoretical and empirical projects discussed in this issue and discusses them in light of past advances in thinking across the city–nature divide, technological politics and the changing spaces and times of current urbanisation. 10. Title: Beyond tabulated utopias: Action and contradiction in urban environments. Authors: Castán Broto, Vanesa. Abstract: In this commentary I reflect upon the possibilities for action to deliver sustainable and just urban environments. I depart from the questions that inspire this special issue: what is it about cities that enables them to make a substantial contribution to environmental dilemmas? And how did cities become the darling trope of the international environmental policy regime? I use the metaphor of 'the Crystal Palace' to situate proposals for sustainable urbanism in a spectrum of options between naïve idealism and full-fledged cynicism. I argue that between those two extremes there are multiple alternatives to advance sustainable futures. Urban political ecology (UPE) is in a privileged position to reveal the contradictions inherent in the current incarnation of sustainable urbanism. That is why UPE scholars cannot miss the opportunity to produce context-relevant research to change urban sustainability policies and beliefs. In the second part of this commentary, I explore a case study already presented elsewhere in the special issue. The case of the successive unsuccessful projects for Olympic candidacy in Jaca (Spain) shows the impact of a series of speculative design exercises to build a technocratic eco-city. However, Jaca's Olympic dreams have historical and cultural roots in the town. Its inhabitants have both propelled and contested the Olympic project at different moments over the evolution of the project. Progressive forms of environmentalism also emerge from the encounter between urban history and utopian thinking. !#&')+,-/8íÜÊ»Êª»Ê˜†whTL?1hÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jh·uD5OJQJ^Jo(hÌ"èhÌ"èo(&hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJo(h3`5CJOJQJ^JaJh 2e5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hÏ-Ph 2e5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hÏ-PhÏ-P5CJOJQJ^JaJ hÝå5CJOJQJ^JaJo(hÏ-P5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJ h$-Ó5CJOJQJ^JaJo(#hÏ-PhÏ-P5CJOJQJ^JaJ,-.l™› œ ô ¯Ú y•`$a$Ù$î$÷÷òíííèãÞÞÞãèÙÙãÔÔÔÏÊÅgdxgdÐpsgd)w¤gd$?ÃgdToŸgdßl$gd%j,gdÏ-PgdU<¬gdÌ"è$a$gdt48kltu—˜™¢£š › œ Ÿ ¥ ¦ ò ó ô ü ý ñäÖÏÁ¶©Ö›Ž€reÖWPñe@WÏÁe@hvI¼hßl$5OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-Phßl$hßl$5OJQJ^Jhßl$5OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhjŒ5OJQJo(hÏ-Pht4OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-POJQJ^JhihjŒOJQJ^Jo(ht45OJQJ^Jo(hicy5OJQJ^Jhxhx5OJQJ^JhxhxhÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^JhjŒ5OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-P5OJQJ^J ®¯·¸ØÙÚãäñêÝÏÁ¶©›”†©xh†aS©C†êÝhvI¼hToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^JhxhxhÏ-PhToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-P5OJQJ^JhToŸhToŸ5OJQJ^JhToŸhToŸhÌ"èhÒ`Œ5OJQJ^JhToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(h%j,5OJQJo(hihU<¬OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-Phßl$OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-POJQJ^JhÏ-PhÏ-Phßl$hßl$5OJQJ^J wxy‚“”•žŸ^$_$`$ñäÙÌ¾°©›Ž~°wiŽ~°bUG9hvI¼h%j,OJQJ^Jo(h»)h$?ÃOJQJ^Jo(h¾ ðh¾ ðOJQJ^Jh¾ ðh¾ ðhxhx5OJQJ^JhxhxhvI¼h$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(hÏ-PhÏ-P5OJQJ^JhÏ-PhÏ-Ph$?Ãh$?Ã5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh%j,5OJQJ^Jhs/Ê5OJQJ^Jo(h%j,5OJQJo(hÏ-PhaNOJQJ^JhÏ-PhToŸOJQJ^Jo(`$a$b$d$j$k$×$Ø$Ù$á$â$í$î$÷$ø$>)?)@)A)B)D)J)K)õèÚÌÅ·è©Ìè›‹}ÅpbTõGÚ9Åhr7Ahr7A5OJQJ^Jhr7A5OJQJ^Jo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«OJQJ^Jh$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^Jhxh)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^JhvI¼hÐps5OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«5OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«hÐpshÐps5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhÐps5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(î$@)A)“)°)Â/Ã/50P0ž7Ÿ7Ö7ñ7u=v=³=Ë=šB›BòBC(I*I+I-IúúõõúúðëúúææúúááúúÜÜú×Õ×gd°gdÿ_gdLz¥gd)ggd|ÿgd.>«gdr7Agd)w¤K)‘)’)“)›)®)¯)°)¹)º)À/Á/Â/Ã/Ä/Æ/Ì/ñäÖÈº¬œŽ‡zl^SF8*h|ÿh|ÿ5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh|ÿ5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hvI¼hvI¼5OJQJ^Jhxhx5OJQJ^Jhr7Ahr7A5OJQJ^JhvI¼hr7A5OJQJ^Jhr7A5OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«5OJQJ^JÌ/Í/4050=0N0O0P0Y0Z0œ77ž7Ÿ7 7¢7¨7©7Ô7Õ7óå×É»É«–‰{mbUG9–åUh)gh)g5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh)g5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^Jh|ÿh|ÿ5OJQJ^Jh.>«h|ÿ5OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«5OJQJ^Jh|ÿ5OJQJ^Jo(Õ7Ö7Þ7ß7ï7ð7ñ7ú7û7s=u=v=w=y==€=±=²=ñãÜÎÁ±£œvi[Mœ?2hLz¥5OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«5OJQJ^JhLz¥hLz¥5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhR5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(h.>«h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(h)g5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^Jhxhxh)gh)g5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)g5OJQJ^J²=³=»=¼=É=Ê=Ë=Ô=Õ=—B˜B™BšB›BBŸB¥B¦BñãÜÎã¾°©œŽ€rgZL>7hÉ,¹hÉ,¹hÿ_hÿ_5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhR5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(hih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h.>«h.>«5OJQJ^JhÉ,¹h.>«OJQJ^Jh.>«h.>«h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^JhxhxhLz¥hLz¥5OJQJ^JhvI¼hLz¥5OJQJ^J¦BðBñBòBúBûBCCCCC&I(I)I+I,I.I/I1I2I5I6IñäÖÈÁ³È£•Žskgkgkgkgsh*¯jh*¯UhÉ,¹h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(hÉ,¹hÉ,¹OJQJ^JhÉ,¹hÉ,¹h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hxhx5OJQJ^Jhxhxhÿ_hÿ_5OJQJ^JhvI¼hÿ_5OJQJ^Jhÿ_5OJQJ^Jo(hÉ,¹hÉ,¹5OJQJ^J-I.I0I1I3I4I5I6Iýøýøýýógd)w¤gd°0182P°‚. °ÆA!°"°# $ %°°S°à©s2ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð2(Øè 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€8XøV~ °ÀÐ€àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@PJ_HmH nHsH tHJ`ñÿJck‡e$1$a$ CJKH_HaJmH nHsH tH$A òÿ¡$Øž¤‹µk=„W[SOBióÿ³Bnfhˆ&”öÅœâ]®6ïšÒ¨ƒÒN=¼âìInÀ¡¼“a7‰‘²qb&>!"èh [ü¢+LxêzÂ)ã°óWÃVßOgá%¬Å¢|8MÄƒ#±/øÙ8€è'Øþ=¼žQÁU*áÓCŒ`CÔW{’D6à¹/Ò[ŽœYLîƒ‚ßôÚ%¿+ÔünÎ+{…\Ío–sMß/»~±Ði•BcAXô“/=xEçé'5¾ö&\¼h»4daž©Ï,yE\}†)–lŸaò‹ë•R¯^®·*¹z¹ÙËyV-WoWZ¹N¥]íô:m¿Vï=tCöšå¶WéÖr•b»ó*I¿VÏU½R©éU›µ®×|˜nc`å‰|¤±€ð*^ÛÿÿÿPK! ÑŸ¶'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels„M Â0„÷‚wooÓº‘&ÝˆÐÔ„ä5 6?$Qìí ®,.‡a¾™i»—Éc2Þ1hª:é•qšÁm¸ìŽ@RN‰Ù;d°`‚Žo7íg‘K(M&$R(.1˜r'J“œÐŠTù€®8£Vä"£¦AÈ»ÐH÷u} ñ›|Å$½b{Õ–Pšÿ³ý8‰g/]þQAsÙ…(¢ÆÌà#›ªLÊ[ººÄßÿÿPK-!éÞ¿ÿ[Content_Types].xmlPK-!¥Ö§çÀ60_rels/.relsPK-!ky–ƒŠtheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!þœïfÙ”Ötheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ÑŸ¶'ã theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]Þ 6Adÿÿÿÿ 8 `$K)Ì/Õ7²=¦B6I%'()*,-./0î$-I6I&+1ð@ð @ñÿÿÿ€€€÷ðH ðð0ð( ð ðð’ðð0ð( ð ððB ðSð¿Ëÿ ?ð†½É}Š6=çôö§±‡ ’ ‰˜Ç Î ÐÝ2@Œ™FPÛèku›¢ Vb³¾ù)0® º œ!¥!§!!™'¢'>(F(©/´/ß/è/á0ï0Á1Ò1‡4”4;5E5¼5À5Ë6×6Š:–:û:;;;|?€?ñ?÷?(A*A+A-A.A0A1A3A7Aò:;(A7Aô y•Ùî“!°!5(P(Ö/ñ/³5Ë5(A*A+A-A.A0A1A3A7A!#&)+..8lt—˜™¢›¥òóóü ® · Ø ã w“ž^j×âí÷>!J!‘!›!®!¹!À'Í'4(=(N(Y(œ/¨/Ô/Þ/ï/ú/s55±5»5É5Ô5˜:¥:ð:ú:;;&A7AÂ„q04e’†n[G],-¾oÃÅ†Øð`<|ö÷O";0RI1%†RrSui‹¢WÂI†={uò,† Uz*¢mù ˜r=°Ç-9hÅs»–eme†.~ñþ {R†v¬4†1L2Q —"†iAHA†åoG>ÝU†ß`å1_%V“ÇNH{†÷qÃìUû3†d]-©Z:KKKKn;„q0†<«?*7Õ:Aú¥^Bå ƒl{ œ2HÊ(û#!©qŸ÷m4-cqRrS˜4>¾P]üsaO-Â?†ýYnÏb~i‹(˜ì)ibôô>!]È.†` RV:g&>!†Þ}N!ÔL†Ñ2Ë"â0R†Å\€|†MD-%;åblrBR]“a 6Ji¢ ÃávjÖ`†[JO 5J90†RY ø:[Æ k 3q-r†jx 8I˜ Tpæ kÖ|†2~— Óáy† kñ ?I‚†µ *«?=†¬#??*@£4leÚdw" †¯šZûgÍKDÑ2Ë^Eõ-H—x€wÈôT„bS &½xË-Z“yðßwöIÖ>†:-þŠu KKKKdw" qîX†-h‚ K^R® ¶^‹VxBÄ ƒ=#†/y¯pur †Ž²® †‘'FfÆx-ZùdÄy‹(˜û)Fk{Z†fV¼Ü-ºp—'ºE†¬4Ô!~Qœ2H`ô?I‚‡be†˜@œÂFK-<"ŸˆlÝqÒu®Ëy/†x{øš]^ž~76=&†Ÿ³Í` [¢ Ã«RH&<Ñ^êØOC!†ùd{Õ/Ì"ïªþ[ëµhÜ2†™dª‰¥t†€wÈ8I˜ (fÜtl(†‚þÈ}¸t¶a9û~ð8—Ú7l±†4ö";ûg)n†Ép7v}gÓXd|•š&žH‰w¯Aâgb÷uáD\*í)#Jb”LåD† )rÞ}†—W•GL$L†rÁQHœ+VÝò„/xCz.›^M~;¦|p%€FZPS7l±pS°#†¬±<>)†¢Sóávj†¥h5h 5†+a«l[µx• xCz‡be˜yFdxLÒy†ÈRAj>´nécR%V“†h¥a9Åó !`†ª}<œqõ}Q =¬7y]‚óRŽ-†É.¾zfÖ7¡½ ôeo[KH,~†HmPM~†MgÉ=Õj†Ö>m©?[%†'w…Jo8‡Lòy2\gQwez+™¾P]74™`A®émÞ!†|zè©Z:½*úÇB!†g;cq‘QQ£HûNK^R+a¥X„T aNŠGAP†y8”½xË†ÿS¹ãdëŽÏz†¸J„VZq†êT\ ~†ÜaV'Po†_m4áiÅwÁÃTkPBÇ` RQ1èýYn†pur Äp}†Àá ureP†&>!¬Z[FxX)!ÇB!x{øEC!©T‹K†ØOC!±vÚ>b(P!ä+]!é3îl„!NRÝQémÞ!ØJ#†g-í!òf³dÊ[z"·U&z†6'"´ZY†Q —"jI _†™m³"ä+]!Ý&»"û)†Õ/Ì"|zès\ÿ"=VÑG†§~#ã)9~†ŽK#»è+†I3#¬#?ƒ=#øi\;ØJ#p%€sHˆ#Áí†2K‹#¦|#RY †pS°#PBÇ¢9õ#üsa†D $É°yJ!4$â`„%†qG$÷EP$ÿ"e<�@VŒ$:*$þ[ë†p½$¢]'†©?[%3eá?Z]%â`„%vd†I1%¥lYK-,ª%Ò,½=†lÍ%ÐzÜ@ÓXñ%Ü!0†E&pOQÐbS &Øb*&Tâ(6=&'w«RH&2\¤qP&nYvC†tˆ&Ý‰&¢]'÷EP$†tWˆ'~d:(éR·'ñkL†í>ß'×5ÛLß'”tAz†ÂW(R‰@†~d:(ã_(iT~tl(ëx¹,†dM´(úTâ(ÉpIê(Óé]†a#ù(Áj¹`†<>)^E†çW)!,©f†˜Ø)lÍ%†í)MQ{Œ"*Ú^ói†²LE*^lÍXÑNE*N9†È^Ñ*›:8T†ª[?+‚v+Œýo†(S…+QHœ+Î`»+q¥f»è+{pË†¢C,@½I†ñ#,¡Dq[mK,+@p‘qb,ˆd&dèŸ,Ö>m†ëx¹,¯{uò,˜@œQ>,-÷m4-rtÌHÂFK-óRŽ-œJëN†2@—-çgGc†Åš-X*ˆy†¼Ü->o.-Dt†îtÂ.¦–z]È.¥X„†<}7/d|•†Ëy/dS}†ò„/: o=tjÝ/0ÞU0{zúOÜ!0ÈRAN+0gY|†5J90Ï$Œ}†;1š0ô©EFw2 þZ†>2"OÊM29!"e¼W°2¯f\µhÜ2NÜ~øw×3ui‹†+æ3DjìUû3ÅóX@£4‡;¿4åd5†ºpÇ4@L†5h 5‡^B^† -A5¦PV5åd5tWˆ'×5ÎÂ5MD-†BÌ5IìD†ÇVï5 -A5“a 6”`dñ#6ghCH†81„6‰&7Í‡6ça†r!Ÿ6Q1è†¦@é6Xxî6)1:t‰&7˜XÐ\£~74\ƒ7bD9T=rÞ7€´Gr F8c©]†…Jo8û~ð8ïªó8šÔB†N9?OiêQß9¯A:ÐKx_†s›:KKKKÎ3ù:±!‹q÷O";¬4MJJO;øi\;Ù%§|c;÷qÃ†vIu;ªRUÆ;ž~7†[UïU¼`fR>í>ß'IÖ>R]†±vÚ>lrBØMT?<#iq!{’?P[5=†TFž?tˆ&Ÿ?½*ú†O-Â?ØMT?‘Sá? U|3eá?½-X{É8ç?½@}Ä†*.}@˜Ø)†Ï-‡@ºT¥`†R‰@g†ÐzÜ@Z]%HAg;†:Añs6Ay8”†DOAhu†(µA²LE*†&EÎANa†½.ÔANŠ†‘a†$,&D]”LåD|1ïq†IìDbl#gå>E½\†ô©EZÕvûn¸E‚v+†—'ºEí#öc†hFs™]†=bDF¦^^n†¬Z[F“yðÐ’FÊ"…o+w~G¼ L`ó#—Gº{9=€´G=VÑG’oÈt†{s Hõ-H¦PV5p@HåoG†ghCH'\L†š&žH½tŒe¥HoaQÔ!~Q…ÁY#%Q@gKU†NRÝQÞQîìQqG$ªR)b;R«,¦q†š0hR‡L†ßZwRþ {R;1š0†±y{RìiŽRÀá †(UõRÞ$AtxcSº#Sw/Ê=FZPS8TS)b;R†ÏTSó#—G3%€SÀ{«S‡;¿4†Üg/T˜4>›:8Tµgn†bD9T]z[TÎ ²mƒ¢TD $þ`ÂTÿS¹ï,!UÏrdi†@gKUÞU0 g€U‚þ³UxcS>ÝUC;ŒrXYYVáD¶^‹V4öOÊV©J$WûWûWÅ6…XÊM2:3œXàq•Y†Õ¬XÎ3ù:†±OµXº#S^lÍX\<ðjgÓXQ>,- qîXª}<ÅóX_/,J´ZYƒ¢T†ã`-Y<MYv†àq•Yv^mC†…ÁY<Z…&xFk{ZÍKD þZHp†Ì[Üenxø:[†=ö^Í` [Œ0’[(>Y†¯f\Í?\Iê(†½\úMö˜XÐ\~Ðf<1/Õ\Ås»†¬7y]Â>aQs™]Øð†c©]Hv¿I†Óé]vIu;š]^ph$^‡^B^ß`.›^†=ö^å1_ÐKx_¶a9†jI _l{ ó !`‘qb,†¼ L`èY`å ƒºT¥`”=Ö}Áj¹`‘QQ†ïU¼`§>Ö`_m†T aÝ‰&Na[mK,†9a€‘q†˜…aÎÂ5†˜>‘asq¥y†3jÕaßZwRçaôT„3b@Ïz†ì)ibõU~b1µH†øU b§~#†%;åb@VŒ$03cD.£BçgGcg-í!†va€cÑ^ê†…Ñc(µA†UÝcš0hR†í#öc©J$Wvd0q|”`dˆd&d›@ÒMòf³d,-¾Znüd¦|#†9!"e2K‹#¦g+eª/eµ *^EeŽ²†æL\eå>E†–eme¥HgQweŠu ½tŒeduŒeFd†ú&fJiƒ,\f<}7/†¾zfs{Tq¥f3%€S!,©fqx{~ÐfXxî6ŠaÙf6Ýf<Z†bl#g¥^BLkQgäJ9r†g8|k=šZûgÇ-9hšK?OiÔuß<�MeBiÏrdiØb*&†Ïb~i±y{R4áiã`-YÚ^óiX–u†NFüi£~7DjtjÝ/v,…jÉ8ç?w¿jþ`ÂTÉ=Õjˆ4¶q\<ðjædkgÃTkZl!{’?†klV:g†é3îl<|ö<IeùlJ+Lê^(mˆšK†ô.‘mz*¢mAâÎ ²mÚHnèY`µgn„!ûg)nfR>†¦^^nVÝ†,mnºkj>´nh#ÛngV'Po½ ô†Ê"…oÄ"™o6GP†eoh¥¶.´orÁšv½oMg†Œýo]z[THpTFž?(Ap(S…++@pª[?+bEp=rÞ7¹C½p¤qP&†¡Dq„VZq• †<#iq±!‹qù ˜€‘qQ =†«,¦qÅwÁ#!©q{s Hˆ4¶qŠaÙfˆlÝq|1ïq6SŽ~Rðq3q-rIeùl†äJ9r+æ3†C;Œrn[G° ùrÏ-‡@†y0®sb(P!öês{fM-DtÄy†)1:to ývÞ$AtÅ6…Xð 0w?0w?0w?0w?ä.¢tª/e‰¥t(ApÈ}¸t’oÈt³U2…&xph$^Üenx[µx,mnfÆx&xn þxï0¨<�†=.y6Ýf†Ö+OyrgOX*ˆy‹xÓu†˜yd]-sq¥y7ÕÉ°yxLÒyîtÂ.Óáy];yw†òy‰w¯·U&zé*N{†”tAzr=°†WhKzjx ‡.TzJi¦–z@Ïz¶.´o†ŽÏz¸`ÈO†%þz³qöwv{ÇNH{$,&Dé*N{‘Sá?MQ{ HR{Í‡6†jbS{½-X{qx{¦@é6mð{™dª†0q|ì~èvgY|öês† U|[|çW)†\€|+w~G;¦|¦g+ekÖ|ä.¢t†y>Ø|BÌ5†dS}XYYVÄp}§R>Ï$Œ}dM´(ßMš}J<¿v†”=Ö}jbS{œqõ}\ ~ô=†H,~03c†ã)9~WhKziT~¹;¸~j{Á~0¡N†NÜ~L s{TŸ<(>Y\*†4e’z+™jª{pË4\ƒ7“Ï(kàI†Áí—x†úMöjª±å°…[w°3`2 Rñ Ép j^òNÿ_atißwbÆ±.h j<ShªTO>sr#ßl$ƒ}&‘m'»m(»)%j,ÐP.ÙI/É2†Z2'4t4.6ô6*8;I8CJ8Ë9Äe=K&>E!@JJ@r7AíECïnD·uDVFæjG0I4TJÇKUL%MaN8OÏ-PÕ%SMKXGYãPYÂ^rO_5a„7aHc 2e³LfµQf)gjMiÓckalTHlLmnnm}On[rÐps0@uI1vywicy‚X}/€Wt„mwˆº=‰Ê=‰Ò`ŒjŒNJÑ9‘l’.~’v–=H›âJœÐ~œdUõ Ÿ=IŸFjŸToŸ4 ðM þ2¤)w¤¼¥Lz¥¨£c¨7«.>«U<¬[¬x*¯óT°·r°€±ì±÷´õ^¶v¶É,¹Ñ\ºA¼vI¼|W½r¾´¿ðÃ$?Ã¢ É½!Ês/ÊÂÍà8Î*Ðª-Ñå_Ñ$-Óó}ÓÿfÖ><ÙçÛÒrÛòCà7"ãÝåóSå?5æÉçÌ"èGlèbJéhëÖ-ì¢í îÄ"î¾ ðwñPó2øÔù—Yù û“Eü`-ý|ÿ(A*Aÿ@€;;;;6A @ÿÿUnknownÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿGÿ.à[xÀ ÿTimes New Roman5€Symbol3.ÿ.à[xÀ ÿArial7.ÿ [ @ŸVerdana;†(‹[SOSimSunAÿàÿ$BŸCambria Math 1ˆ¤h;"Ûf,„‰g‘s¹ o7!v¹ o7!vÁ-!),.:;?]}¨·ÇÉ & 6"0000 00 00000ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ=ÿ@ÿ\ÿ]ÿ^ÿàÿ([{· 0 000000ÿÿ;ÿ[ÿáÿåÿ ´œ‚€AA 2ƒQüýHPðÿ?¨ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÌ"è2!xx køÜÿÿuserLIB-xþÿ à…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0Tˆœ¨¸ÄÔ äð (4<DL¨userNormalLIB-x145Microsoft Office Word@rþÓ3@¢yþé\Ê@ˆµ…ŒÖ¹ o7þÿ ÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0´ X`t|„Œ”œ¤¬¨Microsoftv!A !"#$%&'()*+,-./012þÿÿÿ456789:þÿÿÿ<�=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdþÿÿÿfghijklþÿÿÿnopqrstþÿÿÿýÿÿÿwþÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRoot Entryÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF DV‹ŒÖy€Data ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ31Tableÿÿÿÿ;îSWordDocumentÿÿÿÿ2dSummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿeDocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿmCompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFMicrosoft Word 97-2003 ÎÄµµ MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9²q