ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ oqþÿÿÿnÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥ÁU ðR¿½<�bjbjënën2V‰éa‰éa¯4 ÿÿÿÿÿÿ·""ÿÿÿÿÁÁÁ8ùLEÁ¼Nlaaaaa•••;N=N=N=N=N=N=N$(P¶ÞR<�aN•••••aNaa4vN•~aa;N•;NaÿÿÿÿðK@Ûÿÿÿÿ'NŒN0¼NS/FSÄ0SÓJT•••••••aNaNuš•••¼N••••ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿS•••••••••"Qs: Policy Studies Journal Volume 52, Issue 3, August 2024 1. Title: The dynamics of issue attention in policy process scholarship Authors: E. J. Fagan, Alexander Furnas, Chris Koski, Herschel Thomas, Samuel Workman, Corinne Connor Abstract: This article examines the policy topics and theoretical debates found in Policy Studies Journal (PSJ) articles over the last three decades. PSJ is the premier journal for scholars studying policy processes, seeking to create generalizable theories across the spectrum of specific policy areas. To examine trends in PSJ over time, we collected 1314 abstracts from PSJ articles. We identified abstracts that mention major theories of the policy process and stages of the policy cycle. Next, we measured their policy content using the Comparative Agendas Project codebook, as well as their citations in academic journals and policy documents. We then explore these data, finding that changes in the content of PSJ articles over time correspond with other trends in the policy process field and PSJ's increased impact factor. 2. Title: The decline of incrementalism in U.S. lawmaking Authors: Jonathan Lewallen Abstract: Punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) posits that policy change is incremental for long periods of time with occasional shifts in problem definition and governing authority that produce large changes. Incrementalism results from shared norms and standard operating procedures within policy subsystems. The U.S. Congress experienced a series of institutional changes in the 1990s that both introduced more partisanship into subsystem interactions and made it easier for majority party leaders to enact their agenda. These changes have disrupted many of the processes that produce incrementalism. Using data from 1949 to 2022, I find that U.S. policy outputs, measured through public laws, have experienced fewer incremental changes from one term to the next and more moderate and very large changes since 1995. The shift in outputs has been driven primarily by increased partisan conflict within congressional committees. This study highlights the utility of using the stochastic process approach to compare distributions of outputs across time and not only across countries or institutions. 3. Title: The politics of problems versus solutions: Policymaking and grandstanding in congressional hearings Authors: Jonathan Lewallen, Ju Yeon Park, Sean M. Theriault Abstract: Several theories of policy change posit that the politics of defining and prioritizing problems differs from the politics of devising and selecting solutions. The former involves simplifying through heuristics like indicators and ideology while the latter incorporates policy analysis and expertise to a greater degree. By employing two large datasets of U.S. congressional hearings to analyze policymakers' behavior of sending political messages, which we call “grandstanding,” we offer two findings. First, consistent with our hypotheses, grandstanding is more prevalent when committees are focused on new and emerging problems than when committees examine proposed alternatives or the implementation of existing policies. Second, the cognitive dynamics of problem solving and the incentives to grandstand vary depending on policy issues considered in hearings. Our analysis helps put dissatisfaction with contemporary U.S. policymaking in context: a rise in “messaging politics” derives at least in part from an increased focus on contesting the problem space in agenda-setting venues. 4. Title: Are bureaucrats' interactions with politicians linked to the bureaucrats' policy entrepreneurship tendencies? Authors: Mariana Costa Silveira, Nissim Cohen, Gabriela Lotta Abstract: Are bureaucrats' interactions with politicians, as well as with other government and non-government players in the policy arena, linked with the bureaucrats' policy entrepreneurship tendencies? To investigate this question, we sought to identify the factors influencing bureaucrats' willingness to engage in policy entrepreneurship. We also explored the bureaucrats' motivations for doing so in order to better understand if policy entrepreneurship among bureaucrats is a desirable phenomenon. Using national survey data from Brazil, our findings indicate that politician–bureaucrat interactions have a positive relationship with bureaucrats' perceptions about policy entrepreneurship. In addition, there is a positive association between bureaucrats' motivations for engaging in policy entrepreneurship and their social values. 5. Title: Nascent policy subsystems in polycentric governance networks: The case of sea-level rise governance in the San Francisco Bay Area Authors: Tara Pozzi, Elise Zufall, Kyra Gmoser-Daskalakis, Francesca Vantaggiato Abstract: A policy subsystem is a system of relations between actors within the context of a specific, territorially bounded policy issue. Mature policy subsystems feature well-established, easily distinguishable, confrontational coalitions. Recent literature has explored the behavior of nascent subsystems, which emerge in response to novel policy challenges and feature developing, rather than fully fledged, coalitions. However, as yet, we lack an empirical approach to identify and analyze the structural characteristics of nascent subsystems and assess their implications for theoretical and subsystem development. How do we recognize a nascent policy subsystem when we see one? What are the drivers of its nascent coalitional structure? We answer these questions using social network analysis in the empirical case of the governance network of adaptation to sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area, using original data collected in 2018. We find that the network portrays a nascent subsystem developing out of pre-existing coalitions focused on two facets of environmental advocacy: environmental protection and environmental justice. We conclude with recommendations for future research on policy subsystem development. 6. Title: Participation in multiple policy venues in governance of Chile's Santiago Metropolitan Region: When institutional attributes can make the difference Authors: Karina Arias-Yurisch, Karina Retamal-Soto, Camila Ramos-Fuenzalida, Alejandro Espinosa-Rada Abstract: The complexity of metropolitan polycentric governance is still challenging scholars and practitioners, who have mostly been engaged in a normative debate in which scant attention has been paid to the coexistence and interdependence of institutional solutions. The ecology of games framework (EGF) can be used to remedy this gap. By incorporating the analysis of institutional variation into EGF propositions about venues' interdependence, this article examines the mechanisms of metropolitan governance configuration resulting from institutional complexity at the inter-municipal level. Provincial forums, municipal associations, and inter-municipal agreements are the policy venues studied in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. Official documents reporting formal agreements in 2017–2021 help to capture the inter-municipal governance network to which we apply exponential random graph models (ERGMs). The results show the positive effects of mandated provincial venues on inter-municipal ties and the absence of the effect of self-organized municipal associations, tendencies that prevail even when incorporating other relevant covariates into the models. These results nourish the EGF debate about interdependencies between coexisting policy venues, emphasizing the role of the different institutional attributes framing the policy venues and the effects of these differences on governance formation. 7. Title: Does anxiety increase policy learning? Authors: Moulay Lablih, Pirmin Bundi, Lea Portmann Abstract: Does anxiety affect how public officials process policy information? It is often argued that the increasing number of policy failures can be explained by a lack of policy learning by decision makers. While previous studies show that socioeconomic and partisan variables are related to the perception of policy information, little attention has been paid to the role of emotions, such as anxiety, in the policymaking process. In this paper, we investigate the impact of anxiety on the policy learning of local office holders at the individual level in Switzerland. We introduce the Marcus' Affective Intelligence Model—which examines how emotions affect individuals' information processing—to the policy learning literature. To test the expectations of the model, we draw on novel experimental data collected among local elected officials from the 26 Swiss cantons. In the experiment, we randomly display anxiety-inducing images along with policy information. We provide evidence that anxiety has a positive causal effect on learning. Considering potential moderators of this effect, we show that the relationship is not conditioned by the strength of priors or the perceived complexity of public policies. However, these variables are substantially correlated with policy learning. Our findings have important implications for better understanding how information influences policymaking. 8. Title: The particular and diffuse effects of negative interactions on participation: Evidence from responses to police killings Authors: Cody A. Drolc, Kelsey Shoub Abstract: The relationship between the public and local government is crucial for the success of government in carrying out its duties. Despite this, the public is not always willing to engage with government. Previous research tells us that negative personal bureaucratic interactions can politically demobilize. However, little is known about whether feedback effects on participation are particular to offending government agencies or similarly felt by other organizations in a community. Building on studies of policy feedback, this study investigates how police killings, a form of community police contact, influence the public's willingness to engage with both local police and other local public services. Negative events, even when not directly experienced, disempower the public and undermine legitimacy, depressing participation. We test the effects of policing killings on participation using both observational data on 911 calls and 311 requests and a survey experiment where we manipulate exposure to a community police killing. We find evidence of decreased participation with local police and local government more broadly, contributing to our understanding of policy feedback, policing, and provision of public services. 9. Title: Potholes, 311 reports, and a theory of heterogeneous resident demand for city services Authors: Scott J. Cook, Samantha Zuhlke, Robin Saywitz Abstract: Understanding the needs of residents is vital in public administration and management, as this helps officials when making choices on policies and service distribution. Increasingly, cities rely on 311 systems to elicit information from residents on emergent needs in particular policy areas (e.g., road quality, pest control). For residents, 311 systems provide a low-cost means of voicing concerns, whereas for public officials and researchers, they provide low-cost data on specific, discrete needs. We argue that residents systematically differ in their engagement with 311 systems, with lower-income, minority communities less likely to participate and, therefore, less likely to receive city services. We test this argument using census-tract data from the city of Houston and find that 311 reports are significantly less frequent in areas with lower average socioeconomic status, more Black residents, and more Hispanic residents. Furthermore, we find that these same areas are more likely to have potholes. Taken together, our results indicate that despite greater need (more potholes), fewer services are demanded (less 311 reports) in areas with lower socioeconomic status and a higher percentage of minority residents. This suggests that public officials need to carefully consider heterogeneity in 311 participation to ensure these systems do not inadvertently exacerbate inequities in public services. 10. Title: Seeking the high ground: Exploring advocacy groups' use of policy narratives in the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan Authors: Yu-Heng Jung, Zong-Xian Huang Abstract: Advocacy groups employ narrative strategies and framing techniques to enhance societal support. However, to date, it remains unclear how the dynamics of narrative strategy evolve over time and what factors contribute to these shifts. To fill this research gap, we use the Narrative Policy Framework to analyze the competing advocacy groups' Facebook pages in Taiwan's same-sex marriage debate from 2016 to 2019. The findings reveal that policy positions offer greater predictive power for the devil–angel shift, yet the utilization of conflict expansion and containment strategies is tied to policy issues, political events, and their intended target audience. Our findings also demonstrate that the phenomenon of policy narrative learning occurs when convergence of potential policy outcome is achieved. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of institutional mechanisms in advocacy through venue shopping, underscoring the contextual nature of advocacy groups' narrative strategies. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the utilization of narrative strategy in addressing a contentious social issue. ()+14678:C€‰íÜÊ¸Ê©Ê¸š‹wobTF9ThjŒ5OJQJ^Jo(hiY[hiY[5OJQJ^JhÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jh·uD5OJQJ^Jo(hÌ"èhÌ"èo(&hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJo(h!@õ5CJOJQJ^JaJh 2e5CJOJQJ^JaJhiY[5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hàwWhàwW5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hÌ"èhÌ"è5CJOJQJ^JaJ h$-Ó5CJOJQJ^JaJo(#hiY[hiY[5CJOJQJ^JaJ789æ&'a|ÇÈ6r½¾6t»¼H™jk÷÷òíííèèãããèÞÞÞèÙÙÙÔÏÏÔÔgdÐpsgd)w¤gd$?ÃgdToŸgdßl$gd%j,gdU<¬gdÌ"è$a$gdt4‰ŠÇÌ×åæïð%&'(*01`aij{|…†ôéÛéÛÎÀ²¥—ŒÀqcSqcSqEhihßl$OJQJ^Jo(hvI¼hßl$5OJQJ^Jo(hÕzÞhÕzÞ5OJQJ^Jhßl$hßl$5OJQJ^Jhßl$5OJQJ^Jo(hjŒ5OJQJo(hiht4OJQJ^Jo(hiY[hiY[OJQJ^JhihjŒOJQJ^Jo(hÌ"èhU<¬5OJQJ^Jht45OJQJ^Jo(hiY[hiY[5OJQJ^JhiY[5OJQJ^Jhicy5OJQJ^J†ÆÇÈÉÊËÑÒ56>?`qr{|¼½¾¿ÁóåÚÍ¿¸ªÍœŒªÍœŒªsfYÚL>hÌ"èh%j,5OJQJ^Jhs/Ê5OJQJ^Jo(hihaNOJQJ^JhT6hT6OJQJ^Jh»)hToŸOJQJ^Jo(hGs¯5OJQJ^JhvI¼hToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(hT6hT65OJQJ^JhToŸhToŸ5OJQJ^JhToŸhToŸhÌ"èhÒ`Œ5OJQJ^JhToŸ5OJQJ^Jo(h%j,5OJQJo(hihU<¬OJQJ^Jo(hÕzÞhÕzÞOJQJ^JÁÇÈ56>?est}~º»¼½¿ÅÆGHPñäÖÆñä»ÆñŸ’„yl^PlB7PhÇzC5OJQJ^JhÇzChÇzC5OJQJ^JhÐpshÐps5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhÐps5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h%j,OJQJ^Jo(hŽRžhŽRžOJQJ^Jh»)h$?ÃOJQJ^Jo(hŽRžhŽRž5OJQJ^JhGs¯5OJQJ^JhvI¼h$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(h<gh<g5OJQJ^Jh$?Ã5OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh$?Ã5OJQJ^JPQƒ˜™¢£ijklntu W n o óèÚÊ¼®¡“ˆ{m_{QC_5èQÊhvI¼hvI¼5OJQJ^JhvI¼hr7A5OJQJ^JhüThüT5OJQJ^Jhr7Ahr7A5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jhr7A5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(hÇzChÇzCOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hÇzChÇzC5OJQJ^JhGs¯5OJQJ^JhÐps5OJQJ^Jo(k o û%ü%-&`&×+Ø+[,€,V1W1¸1ï1€77838®<�¯<�±<�²<�´<�µ<�·<�úúõõððõõëëõõææõõááõõÜÚÜÚÜgd°gdÿ_gdLz¥gd)ggd|ÿgd)w¤gdr7Ao x y ú%û%ü%ý%ÿ%&&,&-&6&S&_&`&i&j&Ö+×+Ø+Ù+Û+ñãÖÈ½°¢”°†x”m†]ñãPÈ½C¢h)g5OJQJ^Jo(hH=ÝhH=ÝOJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(híTÒ5OJQJ^JhvI¼h|ÿ5OJQJ^JhH=ÝhH=Ý5OJQJ^Jh|ÿh|ÿ5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^Jh|ÿ5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(hüThüTOJQJ^Jh}Onh)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JÛ+á+â+Z,[,c,d,s,,€,‰,Š,U1V1W1X1Z1`1ñäÖÈñä½¯Ÿ‘ƒvh]PB4hLz¥hLz¥5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhR5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(hÃ!hÃ!OJQJ^Jhih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hÇv½hÇv½5OJQJ^JhíTÒ5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)g5OJQJ^JhÃ!hÃ!5OJQJ^Jh)g5OJQJ^Jo(h)gh)g5OJQJ^J`1a1·1¸1Á1á1î1ï1ø1ù17€77ƒ7…7‹7Œ7óå×É¾å® ’…wl_QC6hÿ_5OJQJ^Jo(hÿ_hÿ_5OJQJ^JhÌ"èh)w¤5OJQJ^JhR5OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤5OJQJo(hvI¼h)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h% ah% aOJQJ^Jhih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hÚeÇ5OJQJ^JhLz¥hLz¥5OJQJ^JhvI¼hLz¥5OJQJ^JhÇv½hÇv½5OJQJ^JhLz¥5OJQJ^Jo(Œ7888#82838<8=8<�®<�¯<�°<�²<�³<�µ<�¶<�¸<�¹<�¼<�½<�ñãÕÊñº¬ž‘‡yqmqmqmqmyhÐI¡jhÐI¡UhÚeÇhj<OJQJ^Jo(h)w¤OJQJ^JhÚeÇhÚeÇOJQJ^Jhih)w¤OJQJ^Jo(h$?Ãh)w¤5OJQJ^JhvI¼h)w¤5OJQJ^Jo(hÚeÇ5OJQJ^Jhÿ_hÿ_5OJQJ^JhvI¼hÿ_5OJQJ^JhÚeÇhÚeÇ5OJQJ^J·<�¸<�º<�»<�¼<�½<�ýøýýógd)w¤gd°0182P°‚. °ÆA!°"°# $ %°°S°à©s2ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð2(Øè 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€ÀÐàð 0@P`p€8XøV~ °ÀÐ€àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@àð 0@PJ_HmH nHsH tHJ`ñÿJck‡e$1$a$ CJKH_HaJmH nHsH tH$A òÿ¡$Øž¤‹µk=„W[SOBióÿ³Bnfhˆ&”öÅœâ]®6ïšÒ¨ƒÒN=¼âìInÀ¡¼“a7‰‘²qb&>!"èh [ü¢+LxêzÂ)ã°óWÃVßOgá%¬Å¢|8MÄƒ#±/øÙ8€è'Øþ=¼žQÁU*áÓCŒ`CÔW{’D6à¹/Ò[ŽœYLîƒ‚ßôÚ%¿+ÔünÎ+{…\Ío–sMß/»~±Ði•BcAXô“/=xEçé'5¾ö&\¼h»4daž©Ï,yE\}†)–lŸaò‹ë•R¯^®·*¹z¹ÙËyV-WoWZ¹N¥]íô:m¿Vï=tCöšå¶WéÖr•b»ó*I¿VÏU½R©éU›µ®×|˜nc`å‰|¤±€ð*^ÛÿÿÿPK! ÑŸ¶'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels„M Â0„÷‚wooÓº‘&ÝˆÐÔ„ä5 6?$Qìí ®,.‡a¾™i»—Éc2Þ1hª:é•qšÁm¸ìŽ@RN‰Ù;d°`‚Žo7íg‘K(M&$R(.1˜r'J“œÐŠTù€®8£Vä"£¦AÈ»ÐH÷u} ñ›|Å$½b{Õ–Pšÿ³ý8‰g/]þQAsÙ…(¢ÆÌà#›ªLÊ[ººÄßÿÿPK-!éÞ¿ÿ[Content_Types].xmlPK-!¥Ö§çÀ60_rels/.relsPK-!ky–ƒŠtheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!þœïfÙ”Ötheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ÑŸ¶'ã theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]Þ ½4Vÿÿÿÿ ‰†ÁPo Û+`1Œ7½<�!"#$&'()k·<�½<� %*ð@ð @ñÿÿÿ€€€÷ðH ðð0ð( ð ðð’ðð0ð( ð ððB ðSð¿Ëÿ ?ð¯´s{H P R T U Y h q MUW]nsV[cip˜ '07KU6<=CEKLQW_l$q$z$$Ù)ß)ç)î)00#0'0¯4±4²4´4µ4·4¸4º4¾4/(/¯4¾439¯4±4²4´4µ4·4¸4º4¾4 +1` ` eeƒƒWWSSs$s$á)á)#0#0®4®4¾4Ñ„q04e’†n[G],-¾oÃÅ†Øð`<|ö÷O";0RI1%†RrSui‹¢WÂI†ÏdÁ={uò,† Uz*¢mù ˜r=°Ç-9hÅs»–eme†’á.~ñþ {R†v¬4†1L2Q —"†iAHA†åoG>ÝU†ß`å1_%V“ÇNH{†÷qÃìUû3†d]-©Z:KKKKn;„q0†•!™<«?*7Õ:Aú¥^Bå ƒl{ œ2HÊ(û#!©qŸ÷m4-cqRrS˜4>¾P]üsaO-Â?†ýYnÏb~i‹(˜ì)ibôô>!]È.†` RV:g&>!†Þ}N!ÔL†Ñ2Ë"â0R†ëPÅ\€|†MD-%;åblrBR]“a 6Ji¢ ÃávjÖ`†[JO 5J90†RY ø:[Æ k 3q-r†jx 8I˜ Tpæ kÖ|†2~— Óáy† kñ ?I‚†µ *«?=†¬#??*@£4leÚdw" †¯šZûgÍKDÑ2Ë^Eõ-H—x€wÈôT„bS &½xË-Z“yðßwöIÖ>†:-þŠu KKKKdw" qîX†-h‚ K^R® ¶^‹VxBÄ ƒ=#†/y¯pur †Ž²® †‡uE‘'FfÆx-ZùdÄy‹(˜û)Fk{Z†fV¼Ü-ºp—'ºE†¬4Ô!~Qœ2H`ô?I‚‡be†˜@œÂFK-<"ŸˆlÝqÒu®Ëy/†x{øš]^ž~76=&†Ÿ³Í` [¢ Ã«RH&<Ñ^êØOC!†ùd{Õ/Ì"ïªþ[ëµhÜ2†™dª‰¥t†€wÈ8I˜ (fÜtl(†‚þÈ}¸t¶a9û~ð8—Ú7l±†4ö";ûg)n†Ép7v}gÓXd|•š&žH‰w¯Aâgb÷uáD\*í)#Jb”LåD† )rÞ}†—W•GL$L†rÁQHœ+VÝò„/xCz.›^M~;¦|p%€FZPS7l±pS°#†¬±<>)†¢Sóávj†¥h5h 5†+a«l[µx• xCz‡be˜yFdxLÒy†ÈRAj>´nécR%V“†h¥a9Åó !`†ª}<œqõ}Q =¬7y]‚óRŽ-†É.¾zfÖ7¡½ ôeo[KH,~†HmPM~†MgÉ=Õj†Ö>m©?[%†'w…Jo8‡Lòy2\gQwez+™¾P]74™`A®émÞ!†|zè©Z:½*úÇB!†g;cq‘QQ£HûNK^R+a¥X„T aNŠGAP†y8”½xË†ÿS¹ãdëŽÏz†¸J„VZq†êT\ ~†ÜaV'Po†_m4áiÅwÁÃTkPBÇ` RQ1èýYn†pur Äp}†Àá ureP†&>!¬Z[FxX)!ÇB!x{øEC!©T‹K†ØOC!±vÚ>b(P!ä+]!é3îl„!NRÝQémÞ!ØJ#†g-í!òf³dÊ[z"·U&z†6'"´ZY†Q —"jI _†™m³"ä+]!Ý&»"û)†Õ/Ì"|zès\ÿ"=VÑG†§~#ã)9~†ŽK#»è+†I3#¬#?ƒ=#øi\;ØJ#p%€sHˆ#Áí†2K‹#¦|#RY †pS°#PBÇ¢9õ#üsa†D $É°yJ!4$â`„%†qG$÷EP$ÿ"e<�@VŒ$:*$þ[ë†p½$¢]'†©?[%3eá?Z]%â`„%vd†I1%¥lYK-,ª%Ò,½=†lÍ%ÐzÜ@ÓXñ%Ü!0†E&pOQÐbS &Øb*&Tâ(6=&'w«RH&2\¤qP&nYvC†tˆ&Ý‰&¢]'÷EP$†tWˆ'~d:(éR·'ñkL†í>ß'×5ÛLß'”tAz†ÂW(R‰@†~d:(ã_(iT~tl(ëx¹,†dM´(úTâ(ÉpIê(Óé]†a#ù(Áj¹`†<>)^E†çW)!,©f†˜Ø)lÍ%†í)MQ{Œ"*Ú^ói†²LE*^lÍXÑNE*N9†È^Ñ*›:8T†ª[?+‚v+Œýo†(S…+QHœ+Î`»+q¥f»è+{pË†¢C,@½I†ñ#,¡Dq[mK,+@p‘qb,ˆd&dèŸ,Ö>m†ëx¹,¯{uò,˜@œQ>,-÷m4-rtÌHÂFK-óRŽ-œJëN†2@—-çgGc†Åš-X*ˆy†¼Ü->o.-Dt†îtÂ.¦–z]È.¥X„†<}7/d|•†Ëy/dS}†ò„/: o=tjÝ/0ÞU0{zúOÜ!0ÈRAN+0gY|†5J90Ï$Œ}†;1š0ô©E7"1Fw2 þZ†>2"OÊM29!"e¼W°2¯f\µhÜ2NÜ~øw×3ui‹†+æ3DjìUû3ÅóX@£4‡;¿4åd5†ºpÇ4@L†5h 5‡^B^† -A5¦PV5åd5tWˆ'×5ÎÂ5MD-†BÌ5IìD†ÇVï5 -A5“a 6”`dñ#6ghCH†81„6‰&7Í‡6ça†r!Ÿ6Q1è†¦@é6Xxî6)1:t‰&7˜XÐ\£~74\ƒ7bD9T=rÞ7€´Gr F8c©]†…Jo8û~ð8ïªó8šÔB†N9?Oij9êQß9¯A:ÐKx_†s›:KKKKÎ3ù:±!‹q÷O";¬4MJJO;øi\;Ù%§|c;÷qÃ†vIu;ªRUÆ;ž~7†[UïU¼`fR>í>ß'IÖ>R]†±vÚ>lrBØMT?<#iq!{’?P[5=†TFž?tˆ&Ÿ?½*ú†O-Â?ØMT?‘Sá? U|3eá?½-X{É8ç?½@}Ä†*.}@˜Ø)†Ï-‡@ºT¥`†R‰@g†ÐzÜ@Z]%HAg;†:Añs6Ay8”†DOAhu†(µA²LE*†&EÎANa†½.ÔANŠ†‘a†$,&D]”LåD|1ïq†IìDbl#gå>E½\†ô©EZÕvûn¸E‚v+†—'ºEí#öc†hFs™]†=bDF¦^^n†¬Z[F“yðÐ’FÊ"…o+w~G¼ L`ó#—Gº{9=€´G=VÑG’oÈt†{s Hõ-H¦PV5p@HåoG†ghCH'\L†š&žH½tŒe¥HoaQÔ!~Q…ÁY#%Q@gKU†NRÝQÞQîìQqG$ªR)b;R«,¦q†š0hR‡L†ßZwRþ {R;1š0†±y{RìiŽRÀá †(UõRÞ$AtxcSº#Sw/Ê=FZPS8TS)b;R†ÏTSó#—G3%€SÀ{«S‡;¿4†Üg/T˜4>›:8Tµgn†bD9T]z[TÎ ²mƒ¢TD $þ`ÂTÿS¹ï,!UÏrdi†@gKUÞU0 g€U‚þ³UxcS>ÝUC;ŒrXYYVáD¶^‹V4öOÊV©J$WûWûWÅ6…XÊM2:3œXàq•Y†Õ¬XÎ3ù:†±OµXº#S^lÍX\<ðjgÓXQ>,- qîXª}<ÅóX_/,J´ZYƒ¢T†ã`-Y<MYv†àq•Yv^mC†…ÁY<Z…&xFk{ZÍKD þZHp†Ì[Üenxø:[†=ö^Í` [Œ0’[(>Y†¯f\Í?\Iê(†½\úMö˜XÐ\~Ðf<1/Õ\Ås»†¬7y]Â>aQs™]Øð†c©]Hv¿I†Óé]vIu;š]^ph$^‡^B^ß`.›^²xÈ^†=ö^å1_ÐKx_¶a9†jI _l{ ó !`‘qb,†¼ L`èY`å ƒ^v`ºT¥`”=Ö}Áj¹`‘QQ†ïU¼`§>Ö`_m†T aÝ‰&Na[mK,†9a€‘q†,3Aa˜…aÎÂ5†˜>‘asq¥y†3jÕaßZwRçaôT„3b@Ïz†ì)ibõU~b1µH†øU b§~#†%;åb@VŒ$03cD.£BçgGcg-í!†va€cÑ^ê†…Ñc(µA†UÝcš0hR†í#öc©J$Wvd0q|”`dˆd&d›@ÒMòf³d,-¾Znüd¦|#†9!"e2K‹#¦g+eª/eµ *^EeŽ²†æL\eå>E†–eme¥HgQweŠu ½tŒeduŒeFd†ú&fJiƒ,\f<}7/†¾zfs{Tq¥f3%€S!,©fqx{~ÐfXxî6ŠaÙf6Ýf<Z†bl#g¥^BLkQgäJ9r†g8|k=šZûgÇ-9hšK?OiÔuß<�MeBiÏrdiØb*&†Ïb~i±y{R4áiã`-YÚ^óiX–u†NFüi£~7DjtjÝ/v,…jÉ8ç?w¿jþ`ÂTÉ=Õjˆ4¶q\<ðjædkgÃTkZl!{’?†klV:g†é3îl<|ö<IeùlJ+Lê^(mˆšK†ÑcPmô.‘mz*¢mAâÎ ²mÚHnèY`µgn„!ûg)nfR>†¦^^nVÝ†,mnºkj>´nh#ÛngV'Po½ ô†Ê"…oÄ"™o6GP†eoh¥¶.´orÁšv½oMg†Œýo]z[THpTFž?(Ap(S…++@pª[?+bEp=rÞ7¹C½p¤qP&†¡Dq„VZq• †<#iq±!‹qù ˜€‘qQ =†«,¦qÅwÁ#!©q{s Hˆ4¶qŠaÙfˆlÝq|1ïq6SŽ~Rðq3q-rIeùl†äJ9r+æ3†C;Œrn[G° ùrÏ-‡@†y0®sb(P!öês{fM-DtÄy†)1:to ývÞ$AtÅ6…Xð 0w?0w?0w?0w?Ó]qtä.¢tª/e‰¥t(ApÈ}¸t’oÈt³Uãtw3ët2…&xph$^Üenx[µx,mnfÆx&xn þxï0¨<�†=.y6Ýf†Ö+OyrgOX*ˆy‹xÓu†˜yd]-sq¥y7ÕÉ°yxLÒyîtÂ.Óáy];yw†òy‰w¯·U&zé*N{†”tAzr=°†WhKzjx ‡.TzJi¦–z@Ïz¶.´o†ŽÏz¸`ÈO†%þz³qöwv{ÇNH{$,&Dé*N{‘Sá?MQ{ HR{Í‡6†jbS{½-X{qx{¦@é6mð{™dª†0q|ì~èvgY|öês† U|[|çW)†\€|+w~G;¦|¦g+ekÖ|ä.¢t†y>Ø|BÌ5†dS}XYYVÄp}§R>Ï$Œ}dM´(ßMš}J<¿v†”=Ö}jbS{œqõ}\ ~ô=†H,~03c†ã)9~WhKziT~¹;¸~j{Á~0¡N†NÜ~L s{TŸ<(>Y\*†4e’z+™jª{pË4\ƒ7“Ï(kàI†Áí—x†úMöjªÏåÎ…[Ã!wì°3`2 Rñ Ép j^òNÿ_atißwbÆ±.ödh j<ShªTOüT>sr#ßl$ƒ}&‘m'»m(»)G)%j,ÐP.ÙI/É2†Z2'4t4T6.6ô6*8;I8CJ8Ë9äI;Äe=K&>E!@JJ@r7AíECÇzCïnD·uDVFdG0I4TJÇKUL%MaNÕ%S@|VàwWMKXGYãPYiY[Õ]›n]Â^rO_] `% a5a„7aHc 2e³LfµQf<g)gjMiÓckalTHlLmnnm}OnÈwq[rÐps0@uI1vywicy‚X}/€Wt„mwˆº=‰Ê=‰Ò`ŒjŒNJÑ9‘l’.~’v–=H›âJœÐ~œdUŽRžõ Ÿ=IŸFjŸToŸ4 ðM ÐI¡þ2¤)w¤¼¥¼L¥Lz¥-¨¨£c¨7«U<¬[¬Gs¯óT°·r°€±ì±÷´Cbµõ^¶v¶;¹…9¹Ñ\ºA¼vI¼|W½Çv½r¾´¿ðÃ$?ÃèNÃÚeÇ¢ É½!Ês/ÊY6ÌÂÍà8Î*Ð£CÐª-Ñå_ÑíTÒ$-ÓÿfÖ><Ù±aÙçÛÒrÛH=ÝÕzÞòCà7"ãÝåóSå?5æÉçÌ"èGlèbJéhëÖ-ì·Mì¢í îÄ"îL%îHWñwñPó!@õ2øÔù—Yù û“Eü`-ý|ÿ¯4±4ÿ@€®4®4®4®4½4˜@ÿÿUnknownÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿGÿ.à[xÀ ÿTimes New Roman5€Symbol3.ÿ.à[xÀ ÿArial7.ÿ [ @ŸVerdana;†(‹[SOSimSunAÿàÿ$BŸCambria Math 1ˆ¤h;"ÛfæKÊgÅbÜÓ,_ÜÓ,_!-!),.:;?]}¨·ÇÉ & 6"0000 00 00000ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ=ÿ@ÿ\ÿ]ÿ^ÿàÿ([{· 0 000000ÿÿ;ÿ[ÿáÿåÿ ´œ‚€•4•4 2ƒQüýHPðÿ?¨ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÌ"è2!xx mŒ-dÜÿÿuserLIB-xþÿ à…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0Tˆœ¨¸ÄÔ äð (4<DL¨userNormalLIB-x197Microsoft Office Word@Ìt1@¢yþé\Ê@|b*ÛÜÓ,þÿ ÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0´ X`t|„Œ”œ¤¬¨Microsoft_•4 !"#$%&'()*+þÿÿÿ-./0123þÿÿÿ56789:;<�=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]þÿÿÿ_`abcdeþÿÿÿghijklmþÿÿÿýÿÿÿpþÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRoot Entryÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀFpf$@Ûr€Data ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ,1Tableÿÿÿÿ4SWordDocumentÿÿÿÿ2VSummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ^DocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿfCompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFMicrosoft Word 97-2003 ÎÄµµ MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9²q