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The China Quarterly Volume 257, Issue 1, March 2024 1. Title: Explaining Policy Failure in China Authors: John Kojiro Yasuda Abstract: Why do policy experimentation regimes breakdown? And, if there are recognizable patterns of experimental failure, what might explain the variation? Focusing on aviation, finance and food safety, this article considers why a policy style that has been credited with China's successes in the past is failing to address governance challenges in these sectors at present. The article moves beyond discussions of policy mis-implementation by reframing experimental failure as a case of policy maladaptation under conditions of complexity and ambiguity. Maladaptation describes how approaches used in previous periods to foster adaptation can inadvertently make a system less resilient in the future. The analysis shows how the degree of consolidation of previously successful experimental regimes lends itself to certain types of maladaptation in the present: consolidated regimes are unable to generate policy alternatives (aviation), moderately consolidated regimes are maladapted for selection (finance), and unconsolidated regimes impede niche creation (food safety). 2. Title: Ambiguity and Clarity in China's Adaptive Policy Communication Authors: Yuen Yuen Ang Abstract: In China's one-party bureaucracy, central directives issued by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council are the most important instrument of formal policy communication, yet their language has rarely been studied. This study highlights three politically salient varieties of directives: grey (ambiguous about what can or cannot be done), black (clearly states what can be done) and red (clearly states what cannot be done). Grey directives encourage flexible policy implementation and experimentation, black ones strongly endorse and thereby scale up selected initiatives, while red ones forbid certain actions. Together, this mixture of ambiguous and clear directives forms a system of adaptive policy communication. Using automated text analysis, I classify nearly 5,000 central directives issued from 1978 through 2017 into the categories of grey, black and red. This first-of-its-kind measurement effort yields new insights into the patterns and evolution of central commands from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping. 3. Title: The Illusion of Merit in Political Leadership Selection in China Authors: Mengxue Zhao, Liang Ma, Hon S. Chan Abstract: In China, government at all levels relies on the specially selected graduates (SSG) scheme to recruit elite university students as future political leaders. This article examines the mechanism of the SSG scheme and the relationship between elite university education and political selection in China. We show that elite education is increasingly stratified, such that graduates from top elite universities have significant selection advantages in the SSG competition and are more likely to be offered incentives and preferences. We argue that taking elite university education as a hard eligibility criterion reinforces the homophily effects in selection of future political elites and strengthens the political influence of top elite universities on China's politics. Further, because poor and lower-class students have little chance of entering elite universities, the SSG does not provide an effective route of upward mobility for non-elite classes. Merit-based political recruitment as a channel of upward mobility for non-elite classes is largely an illusion. 4. Title: Underrepresented Outperformers: Female Legislators in the Chinese Congress Authors: Xinrui Feng, Yue Hou, Mingxing Liu Abstract: This paper presents the first systematic study of the political behaviour of female members of China's national legislature, the National People's Congress (NPC). Women held 23 per cent of seats in the 12th NPC, yet they sponsored 44 per cent of all legislative bill proposals and more than half of the bills relevant to women's interests. Women sponsored more bills (4.8 bills) than did men (3.1 bills). We propose that there are two mechanisms driving women's outperformance: (i) women are more collaborative than men, and (ii) female leadership encourages female participation. We analyse 2,366 bills and show that women are disproportionately more active than men in all issue areas and are particularly engaged with women's issues. Our findings demonstrate that underrepresented regime outsiders (women) can carve out a space to amplify their voices, outperform insiders and shape policy direction to a certain extent within an authoritarian legislature. 5. Title: Selection and Description Bias in Protest Reporting by Government and News Media on Weibo Authors: Han Zhang, Yao Lu, Rui Bai Abstract: Extensive research in Western societies has demonstrated that media reports of protests have succumbed to selection and description biases, but such tendencies have not yet been tested in the Chinese context. This article investigates the Chinese government and news media's selection and description bias in domestic protest events reporting. Using a large protest event data set from Weibo (CASM-China), we found that government accounts on Weibo covered only 0.4 per cent of protests while news media accounts covered 6.3 per cent of them. In selecting events for coverage, the news media accounts tacitly struck a balance between newsworthiness and political sensitivity; this led them to gravitate towards protests by underprivileged social groups and shy away from protests targeting the government. Government accounts on Weibo, on the other hand, eschewed reporting on violent protests and those organized by the urban middle class and veterans. In reporting selected protest events, both government and news media accounts tended to depoliticize protest events and to frame them in a more positive tone. This description bias was more pronounced for the government than the news media accounts. The government coverage of protest events also had a more thematic (as opposed to episodic) orientation than the news media. 6. Title: The Political Economy of China's Local Debt Authors: Zhenfa Li, Fulong Wu, Fangzhu Zhang Abstract: By analysing the development and operation of local government bonds (LGBs), a new tool fashioned by the Chinese government to finance infrastructure projects, this article improves the understanding of the political economy of China's local debt. We find that the central government uses LGBs to intervene in local debt and pursue policy objectives, and designs a quota system to decide the bond issuing amount and the project selection. When calculating quotas, the central government prioritizes limiting financial risk and achieving national development goals. Local debt should match the fiscal capacity of local governments, and the projects should contribute to the sectors emphasized by the central government as important for national development, reflecting the centralization of central–local relations. However, LGBs hardly fix the problem of local debt, and the pressure to maintain economic growth by expanding infrastructure investment has pushed local debt to an alarming level. 7. Title: Economic Development in West Sichuan: The Case of Daocheng County Authors: Carsten A. Holz Abstract: Economic development of a remote, mountainous region poses a challenge anywhere. Based on field research and documentary evidence, this article examines how such a development challenge has been addressed in Daocheng county, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province. In doing so, it investigates the different forms of economic development, how such development comes about, and the role played by government in economic development. The article also probes the broader socioeconomic consequences of economic development. The fact that Daocheng is a predominantly Tibetan county adds a nationality dimension to the issue of economic development. 8. Title: Water Governance and Regional Development in Xi's China Authors: Wang Zhou, Wen-Hsuan Tsai Abstract: The governance of China under Xi Jinping functions mainly through leading groups. Using the case of water governance, this article examines the interaction between these groups at three levels: the top-level design group, the riverine macroregion groups and the implementation groups. This governance model is designed to avoid nomenklatura failure, restrict fiscal federalism and reduce the agency problem between the centre and local leaders. For the purpose of water governance, China has been divided into five blocs based on river basins, which we call riverine macroregions. Using this approach, the Chinese Communist Party is combining water governance with regional development and enhancing local governments’ collective implementation of central policy. 9. Title: Central–Local Relations in China: A Case Study of Heilongjiang's GMO Ban Authors: Hongzhou Zhang, Alfred M. Wu Abstract: This study contributes to the research on central–local relations in China by examining local dynamics and defiance. Drawing on the case of a provincial government's defiance against a central policy – Heilongjiang province's 2016 ban on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – this study shows that despite the unprecedented recentralization push in recent years, local defiance still exists and persists. In addition, this study finds that the Heilongjiang provincial government managed to reduce potential political backlash by feeding the public distrust of GMOs, exploiting the internal divide and central ambiguity over GMOs and, more importantly, skilfully framing its GMO ban as part of its efforts to implement Xi Jinping's Green Development Concept. 10. Title: COVID-19 and the International Politics of Blame: Assessing China's Crisis (Mis)Management Practices Authors: Dylan M. H. Loh, Beverley Loke Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a global health and political crisis like no other in recent history. As ground zero of the virus outbreak, significant criticism and blame have been directed at China for covering up the outbreak. Yet a systematic assessment of China's responses to international opprobrium of its pandemic measures has been largely lacking in the literature. Drawing on the concept of “blame” from public administration, this article seeks to fill this gap by investigating China's COVID-19 crisis and blame (mis)management practices. We make two key contributions in this article. First, we highlight how Beijing engaged in the politics of blame and outline three modes (defensive, aggressive and proactive benevolence) of its blame management practices. Second, we suggest that China sought to articulate and refine its identity during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing insights into a China that is increasingly assertive yet vulnerable to reputational damage. We contend that China's efforts to counter international opprobrium and shift strategic narratives speak directly to issues of autocratic legitimation and its conceived “responsible great power” identity, with greater success among domestic rather than global audiences. 11. Title: Reunifying Taiwan with China through Cross-Strait Lawfare Authors: Michael J. West, Aurelio Insisa Abstract: Frames such as political warfare, sharp power and weaponized interdependence do not capture the full spectrum of China's “reunification” operations targeting Taiwan, particularly in regard to the fundamental legal domain. Making use of primary materials and elite interviews, Beijing's lawfare against Taiwan is examined as part of a matrix of military threats, covert infiltration and measures aimed at attracting Taiwanese public opinion. This study argues that China's multi-domain Taiwan strategy should be understood as hybrid influencing. A foundational element of this strategy is Chinese lawfare, which can be boiled down to three axiomatic principles – namely, to reframe the relationship between Beijing and Taipei as an internal dispute, to close down Taiwan's international space and to contain any right to self-determination. As distinct from Anglophone conceptions, Chinese lawfare seeks in essence to exploit the uncertainty of Taiwan's status under international law to make strategic gains – maximally, “to win without fighting.” 12. Title: Buying Taiwan? The Limitations of Mainland Chinese Cross-Strait Direct Investments as a Tool of Economic Statecraft Authors: Chun-Yi Lee, Jan Knoerich Abstract: Chinese cross-border investments are often assumed to be state driven and a tool of Beijing's economic statecraft. However, corresponding evidence remains inconclusive. This article examines mainland Chinese direct investments in Taiwan and finds that they are not particularly effective tools of economic statecraft. Their excessive politicization and the sheer possibility that investments could be used for Beijing's economic statecraft resulted in a considerable pushback by Taiwan's government, bureaucrats and civil society against large and sensitive investments. The agency enjoyed by Taiwan hindered Beijing from deploying cross-Strait direct investments for political purposes, and Beijing has not openly promoted or supported such investments in Taiwan. Moreover, cross-border direct investments are by nature less exploitable for political purposes because they involve company-level commercial and entrepreneurial decisions. This sets them apart from other forms of economic statecraft, such as sanctions or trade restrictions, where the state has greater influence. Mainland Chinese companies have had limited commercial interests in Taiwan, and the investments that have been made there do not appear to have triggered significant political or security externalities. These findings suggest more generally that foreign direct investment might not be particularly effective as a tool of economic statecraft. 13. Title: China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative Authors: Yan Hairong, Barry Sautman Abstract: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) mobilizes Chinese construction and investment in developing countries. Ethiopia is Africa's “model” BRI country, due to China's elaborate infrastructure financing and building and its many manufacturing enterprises. Based on field and documentary research, we examine the BRI's meaning, as understood from the perspective of Ethiopia, in comparison to many China-oriented studies. We find that it is an informal Chinese state promise that even when capital flows from China to non-BRI states are curbed, flows to BRI states will be encouraged, and that Ethiopia exercises agency in leveraging the BRI for its development agenda. Using a comprehensive data set, we show that Chinese investment has become even more important in Ethiopia with the BRI and that neither COVID-19 nor Ethiopia's civil war has reversed that trend. We also discuss local criticisms of Chinese activities, which challenge the wholly positive view of the BRI, but do not affirm the US-generated negative narrative. 14. Title: Regarding Mao's Alleged Speech about the Dalai Lama on 15 November 1956 Authors: Alex Raymond Abstract: On 15 November 1956, Mao Zedong ÛkýlN delivered a speech at the Second Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Eighth CCP Congress. The official written version of this speech was published belatedly, in 1977, in the fifth volume of Mao's Selected Works. In this text, Mao was supposed to be talking about the Dalai Lama's forthcoming stay in India, and he had no difficulty in envisaging the Dalai Lama's eventual departure into exile. This passage, obviously, seems problematic as it contradicts the policy of the CCP leadership towards the Dalai Lama at that time. Tsering Shakya (The Dragon in the Land of Snows, Pimlico, 1999), Li Jianglin Ng_l3t (1959 Lhasa, New Century Press, 2010), Melvyn Goldstein (A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 3, University of California Press, 2013), and Liu Xiaoyuan RSfŸS (To the End of Revolution, Columbia University Press, 2020) have successively sought to understand the reason for this. The probable reason seems to be simply that Mao most likely never made these remarks about the Dalai Lama on the date in question, and that this passage was added later in the written version of the speech, to avoid Mao losing face. åNN/ffNÄ‹ÿ 15. Title: Cold Rivals: The New Era of US China Strategic Competition Evan S. Medeiros (ed.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2023. 320 pp. $36.95 (pbk). ISBN 9781647123598 Authors: Joshua Eisenman Abstract: The article reviews the book “Cold Rivals: The New Era of US–China Strategic Competition” by Evan S. Medeiros. 16. Title: Great Power Strategies: The United States, China and Japan Quansheng Zhao. London and New York: Routledge, 2022. 310 pp. £38.99; $42.36 (pbk). ISBN 9781032287867 Authors: Andrea Ghiselli Abstract: The article reviews the book “Great Power Strategies: The United States, China and Japan” by Quansheng Zhao. 17. Title: China's Belt and Road Initiative: The Impact on Sub-regional Southeast Asia Edited by Christian Ploberger, Soavapa Ngampamuan and Tao Song. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2022. 192 pp. £29.59 (pbk). ISBN 9780367518530 Authors: Chin-Hao Huang Abstract: The article reviews the book “China's Belt and Road Initiative: The Impact on Sub-regional Southeast Asia” by Christian Ploberger, Soavapa Ngampamuan and Tao Song. 18. Title: China's Energy Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Role of Global Governance and Climate Change Kaho Yu. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2023. 127 pp. $70.00 (hbk). ISBN 9789888805631 Authors: Erica Downs Abstract: The article reviews the book “China's Energy Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Role of Global Governance and Climate Change” by Kaho Yu. 19. Title: Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances Its Global Ambitions Zongyuan Zoe Liu. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2023. 276 pp. ¬ 40.95; £37.95 (hbk). ISBN 9780674271913 Authors: Andreas Fuchs Abstract: The article reviews the book  Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances Its Global Ambitions by Zongyuan Zoe Liu. 20. Title: Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953–2018 Alfred L. Chan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. xviii + 710 pp. £37.99 (hbk). ISBN 9780197615225 - Xi Jinping: The Hidden Agendas of China's Ruler for Life Willy Lam. London and New York: Routledge, 2024. xii + 222 pp. £34.99 (pbk). ISBN 9781032301402 Authors: Guoguang Wu Abstract: The article reviews these books “Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953–2018” by Alfred L. Chan and “Xi Jinping: The Hidden Agendas of China's Ruler for Life by Willy Lam. 21. Title: Factional-Ideological Conflicts in Chinese Politics: To the Left or to the Right? Olivia Cheung. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. xvi + 190 pp. ¬ 117.00 (hbk). ISBN 9789463720298 Authors: Patricia M. Thornton Abstract: The article reviews the book “Factional-Ideological Conflicts in Chinese Politics: To the Left or to the Right?” by Olivia Cheung. 22. Title: Outsourcing Repression: Everyday State Power in Contemporary China Lynette H. Ong. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. 263 pp. £22.99 (pbk). ISBN 9780197628775 Authors: Jianhua Xu Abstract: The article reviews the book “Outsourcing Repression: Everyday State Power in Contemporary China” by Lynette H. Ong. 23. Title: The Party Family: Revolutionary Attachments and the Gendered Origins of State Power in China Kimberley Ens Manning. New York: Cornell University Press, 2023. 402 pp. $36.96 (pbk). ISBN 9781501771415 Authors: Tani Barlow Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Party Family: Revolutionary Attachments and the Gendered Origins of State Power in China” by Kimberley Ens Manning. 24. Title: Unruly Speech: Displacement and the Politics of Transgression Saskia Witteborn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2023. 250 pp. $28.00 (pbk). ISBN 9781503634305 Authors: Rebecca Clothey Abstract: The article reviews the book “Unruly Speech: Displacement and the Politics of Transgression” by Saskia Witteborn. 25. Title: The Currency of Truth: Newsmaking and the Late-Socialist Imaginaries of China's Digital Era Emily H. C. Chua. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2023. 186 pp. $24.95 (pbk). ISBN 9780472055951 Authors: Rongbin Han Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Currency of Truth: Newsmaking and the Late-Socialist Imaginaries of China's Digital Era” by Emily H. C. Chua. 26. Title: The Political Economy of Making and Implementing Social Policy in China Jiwei Qian. Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan, 2021. 205pp. £49.99 (hbk). ISBN 9789811650246 Authors: Daniel Hammond Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Political Economy of Making and Implementing Social Policy in China” by Jiwei Qian. 27. Title: People, Place, Race, and Nation in Xinjiang, China: Territories of Identity David O'Brien and Melissa Shani Brown. Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan, 2022. xv + 353 pp. £109.99 (hbk). ISBN 9789811937750 Authors: Darren Byler Abstract: The article reviews the book “People, Place, Race, and Nation in Xinjiang, China: Territories of Identity” by David O'Brien and Melissa Shani Brown. 28. Title: Chinese Marriages in Transition: From Patriarchy to New Familism Xiaoling Shu and Jingjing Chen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 218 pp. $28.95 (pbk). ISBN 9781978804661 Authors: William Jankowiak Abstract: The article reviews the book “Chinese Marriages in Transition: From Patriarchy to New Familism” by Xiaoling Shu and Jingjing Chen. 29. Title: Modified Bodies, Material Selves: Beauty Ideals in Post-Reform Shanghai Julie E. Starr. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2023. 228 pp. $32.00 (pbk). ISBN 9780295751757 Authors: Susan Brownell Abstract: The article reviews the book “Modified Bodies, Material Selves: Beauty Ideals in Post-Reform Shanghai” by Julie E. Starr. 30. Title: Home Beyond the House: Transformation of Life, Place, and Tradition in Rural China Wei Zhao. London and New York: Routledge, 2023. 350 pp. £120.00 (hbk). ISBN 9781032280158 Authors: Geng Li Abstract: The article reviews the book “Home Beyond the House: Transformation of Life, Place, and Tradition in Rural China” by Wei Zhao. 31. Title: The Footballization of China: Strategies for World Cup Glory Sten Söderman. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2023. 180 pp. £85.00 (hbk). ISBN 9781803928258 Authors: Jonathan Sullivan Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Footballization of China: Strategies for World Cup Glory” by Sten Söderman. 32. Title: Prestige, Manipulation, and Coercion: Elite Power Struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Joseph Torigian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022, 316 pp. $50.00 (hbk). ISBN 9780300254235 Authors: Victor Shih Abstract: The article reviews the book “Prestige, Manipulation, and Coercion: Elite Power Struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao” by Joseph Torigian. 33. Title: Justice after Mao: The Politics of Historical Truth in the People's Republic of China Daniel Leese and Amanda Shuman (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 357 pp. $130.00 (hbk). ISBN 9781009261296 Authors: Yifan Shi Abstract: The article reviews the book “Justice after Mao: The Politics of Historical Truth in the People's Republic of China” by Daniel Leese and Amanda Shuman. 34. Title: The Central Politics School and Local Governance in Nationalist China: Toward a Statecraft Beyond Science Chen-cheng Wang. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2023. 356 pp. $135.00 (hbk). ISBN 9781666929690 Authors: Anatol E. Klass Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Central Politics School and Local Governance in Nationalist China: Toward a Statecraft Beyond Science” by Chen-cheng Wang. 35. Title: Covert Colonialism: Governance, Surveillance and Political Culture in British Hong Kong, c. 1966–97 Florence Mok. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2023. 296 pp. £85.00 (hbk). ISBN 9781526158192 Authors: Michael Ng Abstract: The article reviews the book “Covert Colonialism: Governance, Surveillance and Political Culture in British Hong Kong, c. 1966–97” by Florence Mok. 36. Title: Hong Kong Public and Squatter Housing: Geopolitics and Informality, 1963–1985 Alan Smart and Fung Chi Keung Charles. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2023. xviii + 320 pp. HK$300.00 (pbk). ISBN 9789888805648 Authors: Gordon Mathews Abstract: The article reviews the book “Hong Kong Public and Squatter Housing: Geopolitics and Informality, 1963–1985” by Alan Smart and Fung Chi Keung Charles. 37. Title: A Chinese Rebel Beyond the Great Wall: The Cultural Revolution and Ethnic Pogrom in Inner Mongolia TJ Cheng, Uradyn E. Bulag and Mark Selden. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2023. 410 pp. $99.00 (hbk). ISBN 9780226826844 Authors: Morris Rossabi Abstract: The article reviews the book “A Chinese Rebel Beyond the Great Wall: The Cultural Revolution and Ethnic Pogrom in Inner Mongolia” by TJ Cheng, Uradyn E. Bulag and Mark Selden. 38&').13457@bckíÜʸʧʸ˜‰um`RD7Rh
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